Marxist Criticism and Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte - Literature Essay Samples

Emily Bronte’s classic novel, Wuthering Heights, is not simply the tragic love story it may appear to be on the surface, but is an example of class differences and the role of capital in eighteenth century Victorian England. Using Karl Marx’s essay Wage Labor and Capital, one can see the ways in which Wuthering Heights uses the rise and fall of Heathcliff as a reminder that one cannot change his socioeconomic status in this society, and that no matter how hard one tries to climb the socioeconomic ladder, he  will only be left with misery in modern, capitalist society.   In  Wage Labor and Capital, Marx writes about the processes through  which wealth accumulates. He argues that in a capitalist economy, the  wage laborer is trapped within a  system that does not reward him for his work. Marx argues that the class structure of society is based on the capitalist system, and that one cannot change his or her position in society. When discussing the relationship between the capitalist and the wage laborer, Marx writes, â€Å"The capitalist, it seems, therefore, buys their labor with money. They sell him their labor for money. However, this is merely an  appearance, because in reality, they sell their labor power to the capitalist.   Labor power, therefore, is a commodity, neither more nor less than [any other product]† (659). Marx emphasizes that there is a difference between being paid for labor, and collecting capital. The laborer exchanges his  commodity, his  labor power, for the capitalist’s commodity, money. The capitalist does not pay the laborer’s wages with the money he makes from the product, but from capital which he has already accumulated. The money invested in the materials and tools used to make the product as well the labor all come from â€Å"money already on reserve† (660). This means that while the capitalist is making money from the product that the laborer produces, by selling it, the wage laborer is making less than the value of his product and often only enough  money to survive. Laborers  spend their wages on food and shelter, while the capitalist has money reserved for that and is not using the money he makes from the product on the cost of living. Within this system,  the wealthy remain wealthy and the poor remain poor. Marxism is based on  the idea that the world in which we live is broken up into a base and a superstructure. The base is the material conditions of society, and the superstructure is the social world dominated by our culture and ideology. Marxism argues that we need to study the base, and it’s impact on our lives.  Our ability to survive in society is dependent upon our  material conditions. With an understanding of the ideas presented by Marxist criticism, one can turn to Wuthering Heights and see the way in which Marxism is represented  through Heathcliffs misery. At the onset of Nelly Dean’s story about the Lintons and the Earnshaws, the reader is introduced to Wuthering Heights, where the Earnshaws have adopted the wretched orphaned  Heathcliff. There are several significant   differences between Heathcliff and the rest of the family. Heathcliff was found wandering the streets of Liverpool by Mr. Earnshaw who brought Heathcliff home with him. His  background is unknown to the family, and his skin is of a darker color than theirs, leading the family to believe that he is not a native of England. This lack  of a background, as well as the fact that he was adopted, means that he is different from everyone else in the novel. He remains of lower in class than the Earnshaws, but a  higher in class than the servants, putting him in an awkward position. Wh en Heathcliff is first introduced to the family, Nelly Dean says, I was frightened, and Mrs. Earnshaw was ready to fling it out of doors: she did fly up asking how he could fashion to bring that gipsy brat into the house, when they had their own bairns to feed, and fend for? What he meant to do with it, and whether he were mad?   The master tried to explain the matter seeing it starving, and houseless, and as good as dumb in the streets of Liverpool where he picked it up and inquired for it’s owner- Not a soul knew to whom it belonged, he said, and his money and time, being both limited, he tought it better to take it home with him. (51-52) It is clear that Heathcliff is not seen by the family as human, more so as a piece of property which can be discarded if not wanted. Not knowing where to put him for his first night at the Heights, Nelly Dean puts it â€Å"on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow† (52). Not only is Heathcliff treated by the family (excluding Mr. Earnshaw) like a stray dog who they hope might run away, but he is referred to as a thing rather than a human. Mrs. Earnshaw sees Heathcliff as a burden to their own economic status, and possibly as a threat to their social status as well.   Once several years pass, Heathcliff and Catherine become friends and the two start to wander around the moors together. One day, they reach Thrushcross Grange, where they are caught by the Lintons who release their dogs on Heathcliff and Cathy. Catherine is taken in by the family after their dogs injure her, but they throw Heathcliff out of their home,  because he is rude to them, and his lower class origin is evident in his dirtiness. Catherine remains at Thrushcross Grange for five weeks as she recuperates from her injury. When she  returns, it is evident  that she has raised her social status by acting as the Linton’s do.   Cathy stayed at Thrushcross Grange five weeks, till Christmas. By that time her ankle was thoroughly cured, and her manners much improved. The mistress visited her often, in the interval, and commenced her plan of reform by trying to raise her self-respect with fine clothes and flattery, which she took readily: so that, instead of a wild, hatless little savage jumping into the house, and rushing to squeeze us all breathless, there lighted from a handsome black pony a very dignified person Hindley lifted her from her horse, exclaiming delightedly, â€Å"Why, Cathy, you are quite a beauty! I should scarcely have known you you look like a lady now (63) By staying with the Linton’s, and by eventually marrying Edgar Linton, Cathy is  able to raise her socioeconomic status. She is  able to â€Å"class up† and move from Wuthering Heights, a farm, to Thrushcross Grange, an estate. In doing so, Catherine became â€Å"worth more† in the eyes of the men in this society. Women, similar to Heathcliff at the beginning of the novel, are considered property. The women themselves aren’t capital, but if a man were to marry a woman, all of her assets become his, and the woman becomes a means for accumulating more capital for the man. Women at the  time of the story  were  not allowed to own anything, meaning that if a man were to marry  a woman who put  him in line for property, then he would  increase his capital.   When Catherine marries Edgar Linton, Heathcliff mourns the loss of his one true love and runs away from the Heights, only to return three years later a much wealthier and more dignified man. Heathcliff plans to exact revenge on the Earnshaws for treating him poorly, and on the Lintons for stealing Catherine away from him. According to Marxist theory, within a capitalist economic system, somebody has to lose for somebody else  to win. A man can only increase his capital at the loss of somebody elses, and this is true of Heathcliff in this narrative. Although we are never told how Heathcliff comes  into his money, we do know that Hindley loses the Heights to Heathcliff when the two are gambling together. Heathcliff takes advantage of Hindley’s gambling problem and gains capital, reversing the capitalist-laborer dynamic, in the process.   The guest was now the master of the Wuthering Heights: he held firm possession, and proved it to the attorney, who, in his turn, proved it to Mr.Linton, that Earnshaw had mortgaged every yard of land he owned for cash to supply his mania for gaming; and he, Heathcliff, was the mortgage. In that manner, Hareton, who should now be the first gentleman in the neighborhood, was reduced to a state of complete dependence on his father’s inveterate enemy; and lives in his own house as a servant deprived of the advantage of wages, and quite unable to right himself, because of his friendlessness, and his ignorance that he has been wronged. (171) Capital outweighs inheritance in this instance, and Heathcliff is  able to raise his class, at least for a short while. Not long after this, Heathcliff marries Edgar’s sister Isabella, bringing him closer in his plan to take Thrushcross Grange as well as the Heights. Heathcliff acts  as a capitalist in that he treats the people around him as laborers that he can use to generate even more capital for himself.   Not even Heathcliff’s own son is spared in his quest for social capital and revenge on the Earnshaws and the Lintons. Isabella’s son, Linton Heathcliff, stays with Isabella, away from his father, until she dies, upon which the boy  is returned to the Heights. Heathcliff also looks after Hindley’s son, Hareton Earnshaw  and treats him  like an animal, degrading him  as revenge for his own degradation at the hands of the Earnshaws and the Lintons. When his son  is returned to him, Heathcliff does not even pretend to love him  and even refers to his mother, Isabella, as a â€Å"wicked slut.† In Heathcliff’s eyes, both Linton and Hareton are his property and are simply pawns is his plan to take both estates and bring each family to ruin. Heathcliff serves as a reminder that as hard as one tries to change his  status in society and raise his  class, forces will push downward towards misery against his presumptuous rise. The story emphasizes the Marxist argument that in a capitalist society, the rich get richer and the poor stay poor. As hard as Heathcliff tries to accumulate capital and take control of the properties of  Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, in the end he is  left with nothing other than the misery of knowing that he hurt everyone around him and will die alone. Heathcliff realizes this in his final days and says that he can no longer bear to exact his revenge on Cathy and Hareton as they remind him too much of Catherine and himself. At the end of the novel, Heathcliff dies, leaving behind all he owns  to Hareton, who plans to marry Catherine. Hareton, who was once homeless, had no capital, and no education, now owns everything at the end of the  story. He has a wife, money, and he owns both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Unlike Heathcliff, who had to overcome his class, race, and ethnicity, Hareton did absolutely nothing and had no desire to attain his capital, but he of course is only returning to the social status that he was  born into as the son of Hindley and grandson of Mr. Earnshaw.      Works Cited Bronte, Emily. â€Å"Wuthering Heights.† Wuthering Heights: Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Linda H. Peterson. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 25-288. Print. Marx, Karl. â€Å"Wage Labor and Capital.† Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 659-664. Print.

Book Online Prof Read Services - Put Your Best Image Out There

Book Online Prof Read Services - Put Your Best Image Out ThereBook online prof read services are perfect for those who are self-employed and have been waiting to make their own mark in the publishing industry. Online marketing or social media is a perfect example of these types of online media. Using the power of technology, the Internet has enabled millions of people to see you, your business, or your idea.Not only has the Internet allowed entrepreneurs to connect with the right audience, but it has also helped to develop stronger links between suppliers and customers. When you book online from read services it will help to make your sales force more effective, allowing them to get ahead of your competition by maintaining the good relationship that they already have with the suppliers and the clients.Social media is one of the best methods to promote your business on the Internet because it reaches a large number of people. Many people these days are becoming used to getting their n ews through the Internet. When you use the power of technology to post your marketing messages, it will be easier for you to reach out to the people you want to reach out to.If you book online from read services it will help you to get a better view of your competitors. It will also be easy for you to decide which product to produce and which products do not produce and focus more attention on those that you have some influence on.An ideal book or program to use is one that you can carry around with you wherever you go. This allows you to read the updates and reviews and the customer responses. This way, you will be able to easily discern what works for a certain target market.If you book online from read services, you can keep the whole process of getting the book developed as well as reviewing it at the same time. This will allow you to avoid the hassle of getting stuck in your daily routine and never get to read the book.When you book online from read services, you will have the opportunity to receive an important email, a list of updates and a message from the company owner. You will also be able to take advantage of the various tools that they offer, helping you to optimize your marketing strategy.

Impact of Employee Benefits on Work Motivation and...

International Journal of Career Management Emerald Article: Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Su, sui-Lan Huang Article information: To cite this document: Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Su, sui-Lan Huang, (1995),Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity, International Journal of Career Management, Vol. 7 Iss: 6 pp. 10 - 14 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556219510098064 Downloaded on: 12-12-2012 References: This document contains references to 3 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document:†¦show more content†¦Of the 133 excellent welfare corporations sampled from material offered by the Labour Welfare Section of the Council of Labour Affairs, each was supplied with 30 manager copies and 60 employee copies, 11,970 in total. Of these 5,481 were returned from 89 corporations. The questionnaire consisted of 27 employee benefit programmes, discussed and identified by 15 scholars in this field. These 27 programmes were: foreign travel subsidies; entertainment equipment and activities; transportation facilities; opportunity for further education/training; subsidies for further education/training; counselling measures; day-care service; maternity and paternity leave; group and dependent insurance; various loans; dividends; year-end bonuses; 10 The International Journal of Career Management Volume 7  · Number 6  · 1995  · pp. 10–14  © MCB University Press  · ISSN 0955-6214 Impact of employee benefits on work motivation and productivity Jon-Chao Hong Sung-De Yang Li-Jung Wang En-Fu Chiou Fan-Yin Sun and Tsui-Lan Huang The authors Jon-Chao Hong, Sung-De Yang, Li-Jung Wang, En-Fu Chiou, Fan-Yin Sun and Tsui-Lan Huang are based in the Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract Everyone works in expectation of some rewards, and welfare is one of them. 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Unit 211 Provide Reception Services Essay - 910 Words

Unit 211 Provide Reception Services The purpose of the receptionist role is to represent the trust and give the patients the first impression of the NHS as they are the first point of contact between the patient and the organization. It is vital to present a positive self-image and a good representation of the trust because we want people to come back and use the services again and give the trust a good name. We can display a positive self-image by being attentive, well dressed, having good body language, a friendly attitude, being helpful and always being polite. The structure and lines of communication in an organization starts with the board of directors, then line managers and heads of departments then the other workers. The†¦show more content†¦To carry out health and safety procedures in a reception area we need to make sure that no fire exits are blocked and all members of staff need to know where the fire exits are and know the procedure in case there is a fire. 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Accounting Practice Contributes to a Just Distribution of...

Mostly every economic system around the world has laws and regulations, which can result in unequal treatment or unequal distribution of goods and services among different people. Some laws favor certain members within a community while putting a burden on other members. An economic system is, for the most part, a result of political processes developed by humans and the processes are ever evolving within societies. The legal structure of an economic and political system are important because certain resource distributions are a result created from the system employed by the community. Laws and the political system within a community can fundamentally affect the lives among the people within that system regardless of their personal†¦show more content†¦The second concept is based on liberty or the freedom of contract. Individuals should be free to choose how many hours she chooses to work. Additionally, an employee should be free to decide where she wants to work. Based on this theory it is the free choice of an individual to receive unequal benefits. The third concept is entitlement, which is different from the merit-based concepts discussed above. The share of wealth an individual deserves is based on how the wealth was accumulated. Inequality is justified only when it arises without the infringement of somebody’s rights. The fourth concept is the concept of utilitarianism, which is the most well known concept. From a utilitarian perspective, actions can only be ethically good if the actions are useful or have some utility. The argument concludes that goods and services are valuable only when it increases welfare within the society or community. In the United States, the majority of business entities are privately owned rather than government owned. Private ownership is important in a free market society that scarce resources are allocated accordingly within a society efficiently. 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Business Law - 1268 Words

Chapter 3 Separation of Powers- giving distinct powers to Congress, the president, and the federal courts. Federal supremacy- cause federal statues to preempt inconsistent state law. Federal law is supreme to state law. Federalism- structures power relations between the federal government and the states. Judicial review-Courts declare the actions of other government bodies unconstitutional. Police power-broad state power to regulate for the public health, safety, morals, and welfare. Enumerated powers- (USC limits government regulatory powers in two ways). Restricts federal legislative authority by listing the powers that congress can exercise. Second, USC limits both state and federal power by placing certain†¦show more content†¦Measures discriminating woman have almost always been struck down. Illegitimacy-classification based on ones illegitimate birth receive a form of intermediate scrutiny that probably is less strict than the scrutiny given gender based classification. Reasons for federal preemption of state law There is a literal conflict between the state and the federal measures, so that it is impossible to follow both simultaneously. The federal law specifically states that is will preempt state regulation in certain areas. The federal regulation is pervasive. If congress has occupied the field by regulating a subject in great breadth and/or in considerable detail, such action by Congress may suggest an intent to displace state regulation of the subject. The state regulation is an obstacle to fulfilling the purposes of the federal law. The takings clause- Private property shall not be taken for public use without compensation. Aspects of taking clause Property-the taking clause protects other property interest besides land and interests in land. The clause has been held to cover takings of personal property, liens, trade secrets, and contract rights. Taking- range of government activities that may be considered takings. 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Cyrano De Bergerac Essay Example For Students

Cyrano De Bergerac Essay Every generation has its own heroes that display, what they believe tobe, ideal characteristics. While each is different in their own way, many ofthese role models share similar qualities. Most tend to have courage, strength,compassion, or another respected trait, but this is not necessarily why they winthe adoration of their followers. Cyrano De Bergerac is a perfect example of howmany protagonists win our allegiance because his sensibilities will not bedenied, because he lives life to the hilt, and because he is a victim of hissurroundings. If there was ever a figure who would not be denied his sensibilities, itis Cyrano. When lovers admit, Id die for you, it is usually only a figure ofspeech. Cyrano actually crossed over enemy lines every day simply to mail loveletters. He also confessed to her, My mother made it clear that she didnt findme pleasant to look at. I had no sister. Later, I dreaded the thought of seeingmockery in the eyes of a mistress. Thanks to you Ive at least had a womansfriendship, a gracious presence to soften the harsh loneliness of my life. When Cyrano admits, My heart always timidly hides its self behind my mind, thereader can instantly relate to this dilemma but it is the fact that Cyrano isable to overcome it that makes him a hero. Not only is Cyrano filled with emotion, but he also goes out of his wayto live life to the fullest. Cyranos introduction to the reader definitelyleaves a lasting impression. Not only does he banish an actor from the theaterfor performing poorly, but he proceeds to recite poetry while dueling withanother member of the audience. Every moment of Cyranos life is filled withaction like this. When he was informed that one hundred men were going to killhis friend, Lignire, he was thrilled with the idea of fighting all these men atonce, and, of course, he succeeded. How could anyone not love this man who takesCarpe Diem to its most extreme form?Also, Cyrano is a victim of his surroundings. This may be the onecharacteristic that completely wins over the reader. Cyranos most obvious flawis his grotesque nose, but this would not be so awful if the people around himdidnt care. Knowing that he is the victim of a problem beyond his control, thereader can do nothing but sympathize with him. The epi tome of this is his death. His only wish in life was to dye noble . . .by the sword, but he again he ishurt by an outside force that he had no influence over. When he says, Fate is agreat jester! Ive been struck down, but from behind, in an ambush, by a lackeywielding a log! Ive been consistent to the end, Ive failed in everything, evenin my death, the reader is completely won over. Perhaps the most impressivething about those we follow is that theyre human. Again, Cyrano De Bergerac is the perfect example of how a hero wins theadoration of his followers. By showing his intense feelings, living life to thefullest, and still remaining human, he is able to win the heart of almost anyreader. Heroes have changed a lot over the years. When one looks at napoleonthey are hardly reminded of John Lennon. While different generations finddifferent qualities to be noble, there are some heroes, like Cyrano, who will beloved for all time. Category: English