Law of Contract

The issue is whether the transfer of house is acceptable and valid under Sec 26 of CA 1950. The law applicable are Sec 26 of CA has stated that agreement made without consideration is void. According to Sec 2(d) of CA, consideration is an act or abstinence or promise by the promisee or any other person as required by the promisor in return for his promise. Literally, it means something that is given in return for something else. On the other hand, there was an exceptions under Sec 26 of CA which is an agreement without consideration is void unless the contract made on account of natural love and effection that is stated in Sec 26(a) of CA. There are several requirements under Sec 26(a) of CA which is the contract must be expressed in writting, must be registered if required by law and made on account of natural love and affection and between parties standing in near relation to each other. Sec 26 of CA further illustrate that ‘A’, for natural love and affection, promises to give his son ‘B’, RM1000. ‘A’ puts his promise to ‘B’ into writing and registers it under a law for the time being in force for the registration of such documents. This is contract. Additional, the meaning of the words ‘near relation’ varies from one social group to another as it depends on the customs and practice of such groups. For example, Case of Re Tan Soh Sim. The deceased, Tan Soh Sim, had three sisters. Their mother was firstly married to one Tan Ah Thai and had four children. When Tan Ah Thai died, she married one Khoo Kim Huat and had seven children. The Tan and Khoo children maintained social and friendly relations with one another. Tan Soh Sim married, but having no issue, adopted four children. The husband, one Chan, married a second wife, Tan Boey Kee. When Tan Soh Sim was on her death bed, to ill to make a will, all the Khoo and Tan children signed a document drawn up by a solicitor renouncing all claims to Tan’s estate in favour of the four adopted children and Tan Boey Kee. They were told by Tan Boey Kee that this was the intentions of Tan Soh Sim. Tan Soh Sim died without having recovered consciousness. The question arose in the distribution of Tan’s estate whether the instrument signed was valid. It was held, Chinese adopted children are related to the adoptive parents nd brothers, however they are not ‘nearly related’ to the family of their adoptive mother. Hence, uncles and aunties do not stand in near relation to their nephews and nieces. In this case, there was no natural love and affection between the signatories and donees. To apply these law to the facts of question, there is no consideration given by Milah to Pak Mail to complete val idate the transfer of house as required by Sec 2(d) of CA. However, Sec 26 of CA has laid down a few exceptions where a construct is considered valid eventhough without a consideration. That is the contract must be expressed in writing, must be registered if required by law and made an acount of natural love and affection between parties standing in near relation to each other. Refer back to requirement in Sec 26 of CA, Pak Mail based on love and affection could transfer the house to Milah, without Milah giving any consideration as Milah his daughter is standing in near relation to him and Pak Mail need to put in writing or contractual agreement and it need to registered by law to valid the transfer. In case of Re Tan Soh Sim was faced with a case whose facts were essentially identical to those in this problem. In that case there was no natural love and effection between the signatories and donees because they are not ‘nearly related’ to the family of their adoptive mother eventhough in Chinese adopted children are related to the adoptive parents and brothers. Although the Pak Mail’s problem is same to that in Re Tan Soh Sim’s case, it is suggested that the result is not same between in both cases. In saying that, Milah as Pak Mail’s daughter is standing near relation to him. So, there was natural love and affection between Pak Mail and Milah that can valid the transfer of house. The conclusion, the transfer is acceptable and valid under Sec 26 of CA 1950 as there is a valid contract which binding both of them.

Tkam Reflection

Gem an d Scout have a life head of them that Tactics can look forward too. With this, Attic's good sense e of morality partially comes from the fact that he has to teach his children the right lesson. If the book went on for another twenty years, I believe that Gem and Scout would have a better life with a better sense of morality that Male would. Also, Bob's bad sense of morality affect De the characters around him and even caused the life of a human. Since, Bob has a poor sense of morality, he does not feel bad blaming his beating of Male on Tom Robinson.Tom was obviously innocent and died trying to escape jail which Bob put him in. In a way, Bob is r expansible for Tom's death. Did not realism how the morality of someone could be affected and how morality makes a difference on a person before reading To Kill a Mockingbird. Throughout this essay, I had a lot of positives and negatives. I would say had more negatives than positives but eventually worked them out. The easiest part of the essay for me was writing the parts the parts not about the quotes and research.For exam el saying, â€Å"Bob Lowell lives a very poor life with nothing to look forward to. † was a lot easier that n explaining a quote. This is because quotes and evidence were extremely hard to come by when writing this paper. Most of the entrees by scholars I looked through did not explain how morality affected the characters, yet they explained that â€Å"Bob's sense of morality was not right†. Ho waver, would eventually find a good article such as Laurie Champion's that explained morale TTY in the book in depth. I also wrote two essays.The first one finished well before the due data but realized I was talking about the wrong information. Deleted most of it and started over. The sees were some challenges and some positives of writing this essay. Learned some interesting facts about myself as a writer when wrote this sees ay. One of the biggest one was the fact that I talk about my opinions and what I have to s ay too much. When started to write this essay, actually wrote the whole thing without maybe on e or quotes. I believed the essay was perfect but I knew I had to add quotes.I learned that I could write a lot eased on what I read throughout doing my research. Also learned that if I pr ovoid myself with an outline, can write the essay a lot smoother. When I started writing the sees ay, I had no idea what points I was going to bring up when talking about the specific topic. I ma De myself an outline and was able to write the essay a lot smoother. If I could go back and fix anything about my essay I would probably add more quotes and evidence. I did not use that many quotes compared to my friends and if I had time would find more information.

My Ideal Partner Essay

There are many things I look for in a relationship and in a partner, loyalty and respect being at the top. A relationship is based completely on loyalty and the trust that you must have in your partner. I would never want my partner to make me feel like I was a second choice or not good enough for them, just as much as I would not want my partner to feel that way. Loyalty is about support and allegiance, my partner needs to support my decisions and my goals one-hundred percent. Respect is to admire your partner’’s abilities and achievements and to never put them down. A relationship is two sided and must stay balanced for it to be healthy and functioning. I plan on working at a job I love and being very successful when I grow up, I hope the same for my husband. If my husband were more successful than me it wouldn’t bother me in the slightest and if it were the opposite I would not want a partner that felt threatened or second best. I could not be with someone that didn’t aspire to achieve great things in life. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is also very important that is why I want a partner that motivates me to stay fit and to eat healthy. I do not want a husband that is lazy and content with whatever is given to him. We will strive together to be active and be able to live a long and happy life. Being fit is important to me because I love to travel and to explore and go on adventures, I need a partner that also enjoys these things. Wanting to travel to many different countries and explore new things is something my ideal partner would definitely need to be interested in. I want kids and my partner must too. Couples often get into serious relationships without knowing what the other person might want in the future. My ideal partner would want to live the same life that I do. That is why it is important that I marry someone that is interested in having at least two kids, I want to be able to start a family of my own. Finally my partner must be attractive. Although physical attraction is not what to base a relationship on it, it can’t hurt. Having an attractive partner can only be beneficial, it can boost confidence and make you more compelled to enjoy the time you spend together. I would like to marry someone that I enjoy looking at everyday. I want my husband to be  tall and to be muscular, who could argue that? Ha. In conclusion my ideal partner would be a combination of many different qualities. It is someone that I can trust and feel I can confide anything to. It is someone that respects me, and my aspirations. It is someone that wants to travel the world and see new things. It is someone that wants kids and to have a family. It is someone that is physically attractive and fit. My ideal partner will treat me as his equal.

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Proposal Example The origin of the pathogen was traced back to the British soldiers who were returning from Asia. In Haiti, the earthquake in 2010 was a great turn of events (Farmer, 24). As the country recovered from the spoils, with the support of volunteers from all over the world, there was a cholera outbreak which infected more than 8000 people, leaving at least 5000 of them dead (Hogg, 65). It is interesting that the origin of the pathogen, even in the case of Haiti was not from within. The circumstances that led to the massive mortality are also similar. Although separated by more than one and a half centuries, the two tales have much in common (Nair, 49). This research seeks to establish a spatial relationship of the two cities, London in 1830 and Haiti in 2010 with the aim of making a spatial analysis of the conditions in the two cases that could have led to the outbreaks and inability to control them (Shah scientificamerican.com). This will lead to a possible development of important lessons that can be learnt from the relationship and the comparison to enhance future responses. This research will be in the form of a spatial analysis. This being a qualitative study, the information will be obtained from the internet on cholera and its relationship with the geographical environment. This is likely to be obtained from medical websites such as WHO and CDC websites. Data is also to be obtained from news reports on the two cholera outbreaks and the relationship that exist in the two tales. Academic journal articles on the relationship between human geography and demographics on disease outbreak and control. These sources are most likely to provide both primary and secondary data for the research. This data will be analyzed systematically focusing on answering the research question. The analysis will compare the spatial characteristics of the two geographical locations and deduce a relationship that should be addressed. This is a

Robin Hood Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Robin Hood - Case Study Example iff as well as the paranoiac nature of Prince John which can harm the campaign if he acts in an irrational manner and the Barons may end up undermining the efforts that Robin has already made. Ans2. The best option may seem to be to take the life of the Sherrif, but this option has more downsides as compared to any other option. The best option available to Robin is to join hands with the Barons. This will help in solving several issues that are being faced by the campaign. This would result in increase in the size of the fighters; the Barons would bring in capital which will satisfy the need for more resources. King Richard would be freed as the financial resources collected by the Barons will be used to pay the ransom amount and by this strategy, the sheriff will be eradicated as the sheriff will lose power and King Richard will be able to satisfy the needs of the peasants. Ans3. In order to implement the strategy of joining hands with Barons, first Robin Hood needs to contact the Barons and inform them about his strategy. Next he needs to inform his own band members regarding the merger and inform them about the benefits to the band of this endeavor (Hitt 92). Joining hands with Baron would result in increase in the band members, so Robin Hood will need to assign different roles to different band members and more managers need to be instated to manage the band in an effective manner. Next, Robin Hood will need to train the band members in conducting agriculture work which will help the band in raising financial resources to support the group. Lastly execute the plan of collecting the ransom and freeing the

Explain the N.J. state court system entirely be sure to state and Essay

Explain the N.J. state court system entirely be sure to state and explain each court that comprises the sytem especially the 2 s - Essay Example They also hear decisions made by the State Division of taxation on matters of income tax, sales tax and business tax. The Superior court is the trial court where cases involving criminal, civil and family law are heard and decided. They decide all other cases that are not within the jurisdiction of the Municipal and Tax courts. The Appeals Court are divided into two, the Appellate Division of Superior Court and the New Jersey Supreme Court. In the Appellate Division, reviews and decides cases in division of at least two to three judges without trial or further evidence. It reviews and make sure that there were no mistakes or errors in the judgment and decisions of the Trial Courts, Tax Courts and State administrative agencies. The N.J. Supreme Court is the highest court in New Jersey and is the state’s court of last resort, ruling from the Appellate Division may be appealed here. The New Jersey Constitution limits its jurisdiction in cases involving a constitutional question, if a judge in the Appellate Division dissented, if capital punishment is used, or the court granted "certification," or if the case involves redistricting (Art VI). Its jurisdiction is limited in hearing appeals for legal issues and just like the Appellate Division, does not include trial of facts. 2000). Citation Van Dervort, T. R.

Chap 11 Video Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chap 11 Video Harley Davidson - Essay Example The internet is only enhancing the ability of customers of getting information to discuss with the sales agents. Vehicles sales are enhanced when shoppers have information available to them (Finlay, 2010). The use of integrated marketing communication can enhance the ability of a company to provide valuable information to its customers. Integrated marketing information ensures all forms of communication and messages are linked together (Multimediamarketing, 2009). Hal Harley could improve the relationship with its customers after the sale using a variety of different methods. â€Å"Customer service is one of the most important parts of your companys overall strategy to conducting business† (Haycox, 2011). The firm can offer its new customers that purchase a motorcycle a subscription to a bikers club. The subscription would enable the company the ability to perform primary research by offering questionnaires to the customers. The questionnaires would be included inside a free monthly magazine. The information retrieved from the questionnaires can be used to enhance the customer service function of the company. Finlay, S. (2010). Internet Shoppers Get Lots of Vehicle Info in Minutes from Responselogix. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment Essay - 3

Strategic analysis of a company and its competitive environment - Essay Example This company is also renowned for exemplary quality value for men’s clothes that have unique and classic models. Notably, M&S competes in the highly competitive market for domestic products and the food selling industry, in comparison with other food-selling retailers, who sell products from fresh groceries and meals, both readily and partly. The company has substantially invested in online marketing to maximize its sales of domestic products. M&S is the foremost company in the Britain that inculcates self-client service. It is advancing in men’s wear and children’s wear market at a high rate. Approximately, each week, the tally of shoppers that visit M&S exceeds twenty million in the totality of all M|&S retail stores. To serve such a huge number of clients in M&S’s six hundred stores in Britain, the affiliation employs a workforce body of seventy five thousand staff globally. The M&S store receives significant competition from its rival stores. The exten t of rivalry in the company immensely augmented with entry of similar firms into the ritual of attire; where such companies as the Oasis and Gap provided contemporary fashion, whereas companies such as Matalan and George introduced the same merchandise at low prices. The augmented rivalry that struck M&S in the 1990 epoch was because of their clothing in stock being notably common and their competitors stocking diverse fashion and minimized the competitive advantage of M&S (Collis 2008). This intimidated the identity of their brand that had been an emblem of reliable, quality, and reputation. The rivalry further increased by M&S’s fixed costs such as labor costs, warehousing expenses and a substantial proportion of their costs of operation. Relating to supplier ability, the company chiefly sourced its merchandise from British based suppliers who were ever available (M&S). The suppliers are set to differentiate their merchandise to fit the quality specifications of M&S, which induced their aptitude to stock quality merchandise consistently. Their relations with the suppliers induced a boost to their competitive advantage. The aptitude to differentiate their input affected their ability to source huge volumes of apparel that encouraged their suppliers to experience the benefits of this unique differentiation. The purchasers in the M&S context are sensitive to fashion and sustainability of design. The upper-end consumers place a great value on their favorite attire and are willing to remit premiums on attire that appeals to them. On the low-end of the pyramids, the consumers are also sensitive to price and M&S was on an augmented risk of draining market shares to affiliations that declared low prices for matching products (Harney 2012). The attires on offer from this company also seem to have close substitutes in the market, a fact that compromises their market edge. The consistency in generating fashion and quality that appeal to clients would elicit a br and loyalty among such clients; as evidenced by the company holding a significant clientele before its eventual decline. This loyalty is at stake when a disconnection results in the companies losing touch with dynamic clientele preferences. The industry where M&S functions demands that operators maintain the virtue of inculcating innovations to keep on point with dynamic clientele preferences. This is because of the ease with which rivals can replicate existing designs or produce

Developing ethnicity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing ethnicity - Assignment Example Ethnicity is an important mean through which people can identify themselves. For example, it is easy for a Chinese citizen to identify another one even in countries other than China. The appearance, language, behavior, culture etc can help a person in identifying another one. â€Å"No two individuals are alike†. Same way no two ethnic groups are alike. All the ethnic groups have their own peculiarities and characteristics which segregate them from other ethnic communities. Ethnic identity can be changed even from the early childhood. Changes in ethnic identity can take place through life experiences and social interactions. Knowledge of other cultures and traits can influence a person a lot. The attitude towards other cultures is important in shaping the personality of a person. Adamant in attitudes and beliefs, would never a help a person to accept the goods from other ethnic communities. Autocratic attitudes or dictatorship is not a good character for shaping one’s personality. We must seek lessons from every experience we face in our life During my early childhood, I lived in China and was in constant touch with the Chinese community. As everybody knows, China is a country which is ruled by a socialist regime which allows only restricted freedom for religious activities. I belong to the Buddhist community and my parents were keen in brought me up by teaching me the lessons of Buddhist’s doctrines. Our religion says that â€Å"Desire is the cause of mystery† and my parents were keen in teaching this great principle to us. My father was a liberal person and he kept an open mind towards all the goods from other ethnic groups. He has kept a positive attitude towards other languages and often used some words from English language at my home. Thus I have developed a strong curiosity even from my early childhood to learn English. During my childhood I got the opportunity to play with an American boy who was staying near to my home

Automated Record System of Barangay 38 a Thesis Proposal Essay Example for Free

Automated Record System of Barangay 38 a Thesis Proposal Essay Barangay P.N.P Compound is located in the heart of Davao City particularly situated in the center of San Pedro , Bolton , Rizal and Quimpo Boulevard Sts. Even in the older times it is the center of trade and religious activities. Barangay P.N.P Compound in the late 1940`s used to be a swampy area with barely 20 houses ( more or less ) built from light materials was situated. Since our barangay is located near barangay bucana which is also very near the coastal areas most parts of our barangay is usually submerged in water caused by the changes in the sea level. According to the pioneer residents which is now our senior citizens , the area during Their times were mostly fishponds and crabs were all over the place specially during High tide . However , as time passes by population gradually increase and fishponds Turned into houses and establishments . In the year 1978 , our first appointed Tenyente Del Barrio Mrs. Lourdes Espiritu was placed in the position but during Mrs. Espiritu`s term their were still no kagawads . However due to health problems she Was replaced by barangay captain Angelita B. Maneja who was duly appointed by the City Mayor that time , together with six (6) of her barangay . The first ever barangay election was held during the late 80`s . In 1993 , under The administration of the late barangay chairwoman Paz Oracion , our barangay hall was constructed. Although made with wood and light materials it is still an Accomplishment that needs to be recognized up to the present times. In 1994, Barangay Captain Paz Oracion was re-elected with new set of barangay council. During the May 7,1993 barangay election barangay Chairman aspirants Robert Cepe and Paz Oracion both got the same number of votes . However , by means of â€Å" toss coin â€Å" which was done in front of the Barangay Hall Robert Cepe was declared as the new Barangay Captain . He serve for the position from May – September 1997 . Paz Oracion Field a petition in court and a recount was granted . It was found out that there were Two (2) ballots that were invalidated . As a result Paz Oracion was declared as the Barangay . At present , we have already made may improvements and developments Within the barangay . We have estimated a total number of six hundred houses (600) And population have also increased . We are constantly thankful to the past and Present Barangay Officials , the constituents and all those local Government Units and Officials who have unendingly given their support , effort and dedication in the spirit Of public service which paved the way in making us one of the developed barangay`s In the heart of the City. Statement of the Problems The study will seek to the following question : †¢ How should the current system security problems be solved in order to provide a system which is proof against unauthorized person ? †¢ What is the difference between manual record keeping and automated record keeping . Objectives of the study This study conducted in surveyed for the purpose of city government serve a barangay . †¢ To know how the barangay was created. †¢ How it become a reservation of Philippine National Police or know as P.N.P compound. Significance of the study This signifies as basis of a barangay to ensure the people living in b Barangay the maintenance , peace in order , health and sanitation . Scope and limitation of the study The scope of the study will focus on the computerization of barangay P.N.P Compound . The barangay officials and staff of the said barangay will be the major respondents of the study , being the direct representative of the establishment. The proposed system will be created using Microsoft Visual Basic as the Front end and Database Management System (DMS) as the Back – end . Definition of terms The following definitions are based on the conceptual and the operational definitions †¢ Conceptual Definitions : †¢ Automated automatic the password , store and process †¢ Record a process where the entries are recorded into a storage device . †¢ System instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to Work as a coherent entity Operational Definitions : †¢ Automated process all the data †¢ Record a process where information is permanently stored in a database . †¢ System a collection of related process that benefits from each other .

Ethical Perspectives in Business

Ethical Perspectives in Business There are many approaches to ethics. I will briefly outline two types of theoretical approach to ethics and their implications: principle-based approaches, and character and relationship-based approaches. Principle-based approaches to ethics: It is important to understand this concept. This approach has often been based on two different ethical traditions Kantianism and utilitarianism. Immanual Kant, was a German philosopher (1724-1804) in the eighteenth-century. He developed a theory of ethics. His theory mainly focused on the ultimate principle of respect for the individual person (Kant 1785/1964). This approach to ethics is known as deontological or duty-based. It plays a vital role in moral philosophy and also in professional ethics. Persons are considered to have rational and self-determination it means they are capable of making choices and acting upon them. For deontological ethics, the important thing isnt the result or consequence of the action, but the action itself. If the action is wrong, in and of itself, then dont do it. This approach mainly has its focus on respect of the service user and also that he can make his own decisions. The main principles in this approach are to maintain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, no discrimination or offering misleading or false information. For Kant, it would be morally wrong to perform any action which is based on false information even though the end result is beneficial. According to this approach, we must all respect individuals choices. Utilitarianism, on the contrary, is a teleological theory. It is particularly associated with two British philosophers, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) (Mill 1863/1972). Also known as the consequentialist theory of ethics. The main difference lies in the concept and it is in striking contrast as compared to the Kantian ethics. The moral worth (rightness or wrongness) of an action is said to lie in its consequences; hence if we have to decide if an action is right or wrong, we have to weigh pros and cons and also anticipate. According to this concept, if lying leads to good results, it would probably be good to lie. This theory relies on the fact that whether something is right or wrong depends on the result or end of that action. Theories that are interested in ends are called teleological. The name has originated from the Greek word for end telos. For a teleological ethical thinker, the end justifies the means. The believers of this theory argue that the rightness of an action is judged by the end it produces. In my opinion, people consider both types of ethical principles in making decisions. We have to make a judgment that ensures that we are looking at individuals best interest or the welfare of the society at a bigger scale. Absolute and relative ethics Absolute ethics holds that there is one universal moral code which is final and applies equally to all men of all ages, and that changing situations or changing views make no difference whatsoever to this absolute moral code. Relative or relativistic ethics holds that the moral standard varies with different circumstances. There are so many cultural and religious differences and in some circumsatnces, it may be ethically correct to do certain things but in other situations it might be completely immoral. For example it is right for Muslim people to have four wives but for a Christian man this would be considered immoral. Examples of ethical issues which can affect the operational activities of a business. The advantages of ethical behaviour include: Higher revenues demand from positive consumer support. This will also lead to improved brand and business awareness and recognition. If the business in running in an ethical manner, it would also lead to better employee motivation and recruitment. And finally the business will grow because of new sources of finance. But sometimes the situation is difficult and there are some ethical issues faced. It can be difficult to decide as to what is right and what is wrong. Certain examples are: Use of child labour and forced labour: It is against the law to use children for work or to employ someone to work for you against his or her will. They might need the money but it is unethical. Even if the child or his parents agree and provide their consent, it is unethical and illegal to use child labour and do forced labour. Production in sweatshops is also unethical. Sweatshop is a factory or production place where the working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous. Employee Working Conditions: employers must be aware of the safety of their work environment and must make sure that they pay their employees adequately. An employee should take ethics into consideration while giving a very difficult task or asking an employee to stay for long hours outside the working times. Violation of the basic rights of workers: All workers have the basic rights. Everyone is entitled to a break when they have worked continuously for long hours. Even if there is a deadline to meet or there is lot of work to be completed, we must ensure that the basic rights are provided to all the workers. Ignoring health, safety and environmental standards: Sometimes due to financial restraints the employer is not able to cater for the health and safety and it doesnt meet the required standards. There is no excuse for this type of behaviour. This would be considered unethical. Employee behavior: This can be a matter of debate. Should an employer allow his employees to read their personal emails at work? If the employee makes any complaint of harassment at work, how will the manager deal with it? These are few examples of ethical issues regarding employee behavior. Supplier/Customer Relations: must consider whether it is ethical to do business with other business workers who have unethical practices. References: Ethical Studies Second Edition, Bob Bowie, Robert Bowie, Edition 2, illustrated, Publisher Nelson Thornes, 2004 Ethical Issues in Youth Work, Professional ethics, Sarah Banks, Taylor Francis, 2010 Ethical Issues in Business: Inquiries, Cases, and Readings, Peg Tittle, Broadview Press, 2000 Current Issues in Business Ethics, Peter W. F. Davies, Routledge, 1997 Task 2 Learning Outcome 2 (750 Words) What is an objective? Explain how the objectives of a business can be affected by ethical considerations An objective can be described as particular future state of things to be achieved by the business. This could be described as a desired destination or result. In business, it is usually expressed in terms of profit. There can be business or long term objectives and functional or short term objectives. Market standing, productivity, innovation, financial resources, profitability, manager or other workers performance and also public and social responsibility will be the business or long term objectives. While profit, customer orientation, survival and growth, increase in the sales, increase in the market share and efficiency are all functional or short term objectives. How far the company or a business will go to achieve these objectives varies from one business to the other. There are so many legal and ethical issues to be aware of. For example, the company wants to grow and make more profits. They have found a defect in the product they are selling but people are buying it and have had no complaints so far. It is against the moral and ethics to keep selling that product. Another example can be if a business is providing expert help like consultation to the public. If the person is not adequately trained and not authorised to provide that help, this is also unethical. This may be bringing in the desired profits and also the company is booming with clients. But is the employers responsibility to understand that this conduct is against the ethics. Examples of a range of business stakeholders and how to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders. Stakeholder groups vary both in terms of their interest in the business activities and also their power to influence business decisions. Shareholders are important as their interests would be profit growth, share price growth, dividends. They have the power to elect the directors. It might be a practice to keep them happy with materialistic gifts and rewards but it is unethical and a good business should be staying away from such practices. Banks other lenders are important as stakeholders. They help the business by providing the money. We have to take into account the ethical consideration while dealing with the banks and other lenders. There job is to see thet interest and principal to be repaid, maintain credit rating. They can enforce loan covenants and withdraw banking facilities. Directors and managers as stakeholders have important role to play. They deal with salary, share options and job satisfaction. They also make decisions, have detailed information about the company. Employees are a big part of the group as stakeholders. To promote ethical behaviour, salaries wages, job security, job satisfaction motivation should be appropriate. If it is ethical, the result would be good turnover, industrial action and better service quality. Suppliers would be interested in long term contracts, prompt payment, and growth of purchasing. We should take ethics into consideration while deciding pricing, quality, product availability Customers play indispensable part as stakeholders. They will always expect reliable quality, value for money, product availability and customer service. This is when ethics come into play. Many businesses will go to any limit to please their customers because they will generate revenue. If the customers are happy, they will spread word of mouth recommendation. Community is also important as a stakeholder. Business people must ensure that the business is safe and is in accordance with health and safety rules and regulations. It is unethical to run a business which does not comply with these rules. Environment has to be safe. A business should generate local jobs which will help to provide employment to the people in the area. Government is also a stakeholder as the higher authorities will make the laws and these must be followed at all times by the business people. For establishing an ethical standard for business it is important that we have more than just a written policy. So that we can ensure that ethical standard is being met, we must comply with adherence to and enforcement of that standard by everyone. That includes who have written the policies and who run the business. More than long written documents and policies handed out to every single employee, our behavior, practices, and deeds are the foundation for creating an ethical standard. References: Marketing Plans: How to Prepare Them, How to Use Them, Malcolm McDonald, Hugh Wilson, John Wiley Sons, 2011 Introduction to Travel and Tourism Marketing, J. Alf Bennett, J.W. Strydom, J.A. Bennett, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001 Give examples of a range of business stakeholders. What can businesses do to promote ethical behavior in respect of these stakeholders? Tack 3 Learning Outcome 3 (750 Words) A moral agent and is it true to say that a business is a moral agent? A moral agent is a being that is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong. We can also describe moral agent as anything that can be held responsible for behavior or decisions. Moral agents have rights and responsibilities. If we do not believe that anything or anyone should ever be blamed or has the responsibility, then we are going against the concept of moral agency, and not accepting the concept of responsibilities and rights. A moral agent must be a living creature, as they must be able to understand the basic moral principles and use them to make decisions. They must have self-consciousness, ability to memorize, moral principles, values and the ability for reasoning and making judgments. In my opinion, increasingly, businesses are being seen not just as profit making entities but also as moral agents. They are accountable for their conduct to the employees, customers, investors and suppliers. Companies are chartered as citizens of the state or the nation so they have the same responsibilities and rights as individuals. Society holds the companies accountable for the behavior of their employees. When certain business advertises about them, they refer to benefits, compensation or competitive practices; they earn a reputation as a moral agent. Companies are required to obey rules and regulations that define acceptable business conduct. Though obviously not a person, a business can be considered as a societal moral agent. If a business is not run ethically, it could face huge penalties or fines from the regulatory bodies. Businesses to get their employees involved and empowered in relation to the ethical performance of the business. Businesses should endeavor to get their employees involved, especially in relation to the ethical performance of the business. Employee involvement and participation are aimed at raising employees performance and commitment. There should be nice policies outlined for each business and all the employees should be well aware of those policies and guidelines. Each individual in the company should have clear understanding of their roles and therefore be able to work ethically. There should be frequent meetings and discussions between the employer and the employees. Any issues which are unclear or employees are in doubt about their role in ethical consideration; they should be able to get help at all times. Full training should be provided to people so that their role in the business is clear and they know what defines their job roles. In order for the business to perform well and maintains high ethical standards, employees should be fully involved. This task should not be limited to one or few individuals but it necessitates teamwork. Each employee should be the part of the team which is working towards the common goal of a profitable business but not at the cost of ethics. Recent business scandals have drawn public attention toward the ethics of businesses. Although researchers have shown a small correlation between the ethical activities and firm financial performance, its not clear how the process works. When individuals see their company is maintaining higher ethical standards, they become more committed to the company. This commitment in turns starts organizational citizenship behaviors toward other employees, and these behaviors in turn gradually lead to better financial performance. The level of an individuals involvement with his or her employer is the strongest mechanism by which business ethics leads to financial rewards. When a company produces and adheres to strong ethical guidelines, this offers employees a clear idea of whats expected of them on the job. Less job ambiguity leads to greater productivity. Employees should help each other. Employees going above and beyond their job descriptions to help each other, such as helping others who are behind on their work-is one of the main process that will lead to good productivity. This type of behaviour proves beneficial as it means key activities get done, regardless of whos doing them. We must use a code of ethics and guidelines in accordance with legal and professional standards in addition to human resource practices such as ethics training. Employer should always be patient and calm. They must realise that some of the new employees will take some time to get adjusted to the new environment. After full training, they will all be working towards the common goal of financial success. So it is vital that employees get involved and empowered in relation to the ethical performance of the business. References: Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases, O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell, Cengage Learning, 2012 Ethical Issues in Contemporary Human Resource Management, Diana Winstanley, Jean Woodall, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000 Task 4 Learning Outcome 4 (1250words) Choose an ethical issue which currently affects business of your choice. Do some research on this and explain it. How do you think the business you have chosen could improve the ethics of its operations whilst meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationships? The business I have chosen is a private learning centre or an academy. This academy offers many vocational courses to different students. The centre is not working ethically. They get to know the question papers well in advance and they offer help to the students during their final exams. Students are not complaining because they are getting excellent results because of the help being provided. One other main cause for ethical consideration is that the teachers are not fully qualified to be able to deliver the courses. Business is running successfully and also making lot of money. It is easy to attract lots of students who want to pass their exam in an easy manner without any hard work involved. Under qualified teachers are charging less money to the employer so in this situation, the employer, employee and the service users are all happy. But let us discuss this by taking ethics into consideration. For example a student has done first aid course and now he is the proud owner of a certificate too. But the main question is that will be able to handle the situation in case of an emergency. To improve the ethics of its operations and also ensure that the centre is meeting objectives and ensuring good employer/employee relationship, a lot needs to be done at the centre. Employer must realise that this is unethical. Exams should be held in strict conditions and no help should be offered to the students at all. It is unethical and against the law. If any inspection agency knows about it the whole business could face serious charges and risk closure. Then the students future would also suffer. This business could improve a lot by considering each aspect of their business ethically. Offering help to the students and employing under qualified teachers is against the law. This will not lead to brighter students. And this private company is not doing any good. These serious issues need to be considered and thought over and strict action needs to be taken against this company. Teachers should be fully qualified and suitably trained. The exams should be held in a transparent manner with no help provided. Practice classes should be offered to the students, if needed. If the students can afford, they should be offered help with their syllabus and practice sessions. What is a code of ethics? Design a suitable ethical code for an organization of your choice. A business should recognize its obligation to set and uphold the highest standards of professionalism, and to promote ethical behaviour, attitudes and judgments. Code of ethics should focus on multiple relationships where the employer owes an allegiance to different stakeholders; Personal relationships should be adequately emphasized in code of ethics- where the employer infringes or violates the trust of a client or clients; Code of ethics should clearly mention unclear or inadequate standards of practice where the the emplyer is unaware of or disregards the current systems in use by peers or others in similar work. Breaches of confidentiality should definitely be elaborated where rules and constraints were broken or not clarified in advance with stakeholders; Competence where excessive or misleading claims are made or where inadequate safeguards and monitoring exist for new areas of work; these must form an essential part of the code of ethics. I have designed a suitable code of ethics for a company called ABC Learning Academy. It is a private institute which provides vocational courses to the students. Mostly adult learners and the staff constitute of director, board members, managers, teachers, administrators, cleaners and helpers. This code of ethics would guide the staff members in times of difficulty and lays a strong foundation of ethics which need to be considered while making any decisions at workplace. Conduct Personal behaviour it is expected that all staff members will: Act ethically and integrity, in the best interests of ABC Learning Academy at all times; Take individual responsibility to contribute actively to maintain adequate teaching and administrative standards. Honesty is the best policy at all times, Position should not be used inappropriately to influence or discriminate amongst the employees. Must comply with at least 75% attendance; In case of any doubt, always ask for help from your colleagues or senior members of the staff, Take decisions fairly and promptly, considering all available information, legislation, policies and procedures, be impartial at all times; Treat colleagues with respect, courtesy, honesty and fairness; Not to discriminate against colleagues, members of the public and/or employees; not to harass or bully anyone. These matters would be dealt seriously; have proper regard for colleagues interests, rights, safety and welfare, professional workplace relationships to maintain harmonious, safe and productive environment; Conflicts of interest it is expected that staff members will: Not disclose any personal or business interests at ABC Learning Academy; Ensure personal or financial interests do not affect their ability to take ethical decisions at work, Not allow personal or financial interests, or the interests of any associated person, to conflict with the interests of ABC Learning Academy. Manage and declare any conflict between their personal and public duty; and Where conflicts of interest do arise, public interest should be the priority. Communication and official information it is expected that staff members will: Communicate amongst them so that there are no gaps in information available about students and their data. Not disclose official information or documents like students records, assignments, individual learning plans, other than as required by law or where agreed by decision of the board; Not make any unauthorised public statements regarding the business of ABC Learning Academy; Support, adhere to and not contradict the formal decisions of the final decisions made by ABC Learning Academy. Respect the confidentiality and privacy of all information of students and staff. Use of public resources it is expected that board members will: Act in a financially responsible manner, use judgment to analyse financial reports, audit reports and other financial material that comes before the ABC Learning Academy; and Ensure the efficient use of publicly-funded resources, including office facilities and equipment, vehicles, transport, ABC Learning Academy credit cards. In addition, staff members must commit to: Understand their responsibility to report any happenings of misconduct which they may be suspicious of or aware of, Taking responsibility for contributing in a constructive, respectful and enthusiastic way to enhance good management and the reputation of the board of ABC Learning Academy. Research issues including fake data, inability to obtain consent, or not acknowledging somebodys piece of work. Health problems should be reported adequately because they can have significant impact on the work efficiency.

Activities in a Childcare at Home Setting

Activities in a Childcare at Home Setting IDENTIFY THE CORRECT DOCUMENT REQUIRED FOR CHILDCARE  IN A HOME SETTING The correct document for setting up a Child Minding Business, which will receive approval  from OFSTED, (an Independent Regulatory Body) for schools includes; 1) Child Record Form : This form must contain the Child’s Name, Date of Birth, the parent/carers’  Address and contact details, the Doctor’s name and address, details of two emergency contacts,  Medical history, Immunisations (DTP, Whooping Cough, MMR, Hib, Chickenpox), any allergies,  Dietary, Medical conditions, Religion (if any). This Record Form provides important  information about the child being cared for and will be the first form to be accesses in case of  emergency. 2) Child Information Record Form: This book is to write down in information required by OFSTED.  The document contains daily reports about the child being cared for. This includes: food eaten,  Nappies changed (if necessary) or anything that happens to the child during the day. This  Information book can be A4 or A5 binding exercise book. It must be taken home every day  or weekly by the parent so that they will be aware of what their child is learning or doing in  the Care setting. This book also enables the parent and the Child Care Provider to communicate  every day on matters that are not urgent. 3) Child Care Agreement Form: This form contains the contract agreement between the Parent  and the Care Provide. The agreement form contain necessary information such as child’s contact  details, parent/guardian information, starting date, Days and hours the child will attend the  Care Setting, collection time, payment and fees paid to the Care Provider. This form can be  purchased through the National Association of Child Minders (NCMA). This association can  also provide Legal issues if there is any. The form contains what the parent is agreeing on. 4) Accident Record and Incident Form: This form provides full report of any accident that  have occurred, where it happened, name of any person present at the time and the type  assistance or First Aid given to the child (if any). Also, the form must include date, name  and signature of the person who filled the form. There is also a section in the form that  the Parent of the Child must sign to confirm that they are aware of the accident.  A duplicate copy should be made in case the parent needs a copy. The Incident form is to  write down what may happen after the accident. Like depression or upsetting the child. 5) Existing Injuries Form: This form is to document what happened before the chid  started the Child Care setting. Any mark or injury found on the child, must be written down  on this form before the parent drop the child. The parent and the Care provider must sign  the form that they are aware of the injury. The form must be dated. 6) Fire Safety Form: In case of fire outbreak in a Child Care Home, this form is needed to  write down details of how the children are evacuated. The children must be given  training or fire drilling from time to time. Dates and numbers of children that participate  in this drilling must be documented in this form. All this activities must be dated and  signed. Local Fire Service can also carry out free safety checks. 7) Vehicle Records and Parent Permission for a Child to Travel in a Vehicle:  This form is used to record information about the vehicle being used to  transport children to trips in the Care setting. The vehicle must be registered for the purpose of driving the children around and must be insured. Parents must  give consent before the children can travel in the vehicle. This trip can be organised  regularly to a park, playgroup or a planned group outing. 8) Prescription and Non-Prescription Medical Record Form:  This is a medical form that is needed to be filled, when drugs is giving to a child in  a Home care setting. The form must include Name of drug, dose and how often  the drug should be given to the child. The parent of the child must give permission  on how the drug should be given, and must be recorded on the form. Non-prescription  drugs like Paracetamol or antihistamine must also be given with the parent’s permission. 9) Outing and Consent Form ; These forms are in two types, One for writing small  Trips and the 2nd for arranged large trips. The form contains what types of trip,  type of transport, by foot, by the Carer’s Car, or the Child Carer’s Car. A consent letter  must be written and signed by the parent before the trip and filed in the child’s file.  Another form may also be needed for big outings, or financial contribution. 10) Financial Forms – This contains Record of Payment of Fees, Invoice and Receipt .  There are 3 types of financial forms for recording fees paid into Home Care  Setting. The form is use for payment of fees and record fees paid by the parent, it must  be signed by both parent and the Care Provider. A tear-off-slip can be used as a receipt  to the parent. This receipt is necessary in case of disputes or when purchasing educational  products from the Child Care Provider. Also, the original Invoice is necessary. It contains the  Child Carer Provider’s Name and Address, Invoice Number, Date, Description of goods being  Invoiced for and total amount paid. 11) Record of Complaint: This form contains who made a complain, the nature of complain, incident date, full details of complain, how it was dealt with and action taken. The form should be signed and dated by the Child provider. This is necessary in-case of future reference or required  by OFSTED, especially if the allegation is serious or is an abuse.   DESCRIBE THE RANGE OF ACTIVITIES THAT CAN BE USED TO STIMULATE A CHILD’S DEVELOPMENT.   (REFERENCE MADE TO PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOR BOTH BABIES (0-12months) AND CHILDREN (1-5years) The following are skills that can aid a child’s development; GROSS MOTOR SKILLS: This term mean a whole range of physical movements made by a Child or Baby like Crawling, Rolling, Walking and Skipping. Play is very essential for a child’s development. Throwing or catching a ball, Riding a Bicycle and Hopscotch helps for develop a child’s growt. FINE MOTOR SKILLS: This skill involves the control of muscle movements like, Fastening Clothing,  writing, drawing, using a knife/ Fork and using Scissors. It makes a child to use all their movements  to do all this activities in the Child Care setting. Multi-sensory Toys are also part of this skill to  develop baby’s sense. These Toys can be used by baby’s from 9 months, when they can be able to  pick up and grasp an object. Some Toys can be squeezed to make noise, some soft fruits like Banana or sticks of soft Bread can be given to the child to eat. They are good for baby’s hand and  Eye co-ordination. From 12 months old, a baby loves dropping toys from their Cot. Babies like bright colours  and the noises of dropping toys into a sorter. By this, Fine Motor Skills are developed. From 24 months, this Fine Motor Skills activities changes, a dressing up box is now needed in the  Home Care, were colourful dresses, buttons and zips are stored. This is because, dressing and  undressing are favourite pastime for many baby’s and the dressing up box encourages them to  Be creative. Also, Painting, drawing and colouring are good ways of developing children skills,  especially colouring books. Water is also a good way of fine motor skill, with children playing  with water in warm weather outside the Care Setting. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT: Babies – There are many Multi-Sensory baby books which are good  for the development of a child’s knowledge. These books have pictures, and are made of Mirrors,  Crinkly fabric and Sandpaper’s attached to them. Babies like to touch them when reading  Stories. Also, Music, Singing and Colourful, Noisy Toys are good for a child’s development. TODDLERS: Toddler’s loves Card games like Flash Cards, Board games like Dominoes, ‘Connect 4’  Which are popular games that are good for numeracy skills. They also have enquiring mind which  makes them ask questions about their surroundings and what they learn daily in the Care setting. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Play is a good way in developing social skills on children in a safe environment. Children can act different type of rolls like, a Post Office, were children talk to customers and staff behind the counter. Or Hospital setting, were they act as Doctors and patients. All these rolls have different cloths that the children can put on, and can be stored after used. WRITE A DRAFT FOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY THAT CAN BE USED IN HOME CHILD CARE  SETTING, AND EXPLANATION OF GOVERNMENT STANDARDS 6 AND 7 SHOULD BE INCLUDED. In a Home setting, Government have 14 standards that a Child Provider requires. Two of this  are Safety and Health. SAFETY: Every registered Home Care setting must make safety inside and outside a very important  part of the setting. This is to prevent accident in the home. Government Standard 6 Policy must be considered by the Care Provider to promote Safety  outside, Safety in the Home environment and to prevent accidents. This safety standard  includes, safety and security outside and indoors, Gardens, Out building, Kitchen, Gas/Electricity,  Fire safety, outings and transport. Also, the Care Provider should make sure that Plugs are blocked  with plastic safety plugs, child Car seats are fitted properly, all straps are fitted, Stairs must have  gates if required, and Toys must be clean and checked regularly. HEALTH: In a Home Setting, healthy environment is necessary to prevent the spread of infection and in-case a child is ill, necessary measures must be taken. Government standard 7 Policy is concerned  with health and hygiene of children in and outside a Care setting. This standard deals with Hygiene, Sandpits, Animals, Medicine, Handling of food, Sick children, First Aid and Smoking. Children can  contract infectious bacteria from Sandpits, Animals and Sick children in the Care setting, and this can be dangerous for them. Therefore, it is important to remove any person, structure or animal that  is contaminated by bacteria, in-order not to cause harm to a child or adult working in the Care  Setting. It is also important that strict food hygiene in the Care setting is necessary to prevent contamination. CONSTUCT A TRAVEL PLAN WHICH DISCUSES THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE TAKEN  INTO CONSIDERATION WHEN CARRING OUT A VISIT AWAY FROM THE CHILD CARE SETTING Plans to take into consideration when taking children to trips to new destinations includes; WALKING: The Child Care must have a suitable Pushchairs, Reigns, Reflective Tabards to know how many children are walking with them. All the children must be taught Road Safety, that is, how to cross the Road. Adults must accompany the children walking for this planned trip. Emergency equipment like, Contact details, Mobile Phone, First Aid Kit or any Medication a child may need for the trip. BY TRANSPORT: Permission must be taken from the parent before travelling on public transport. The type of transport used must be known by the parent. In-case the children are travelling by Bus or Train, make sure that they wait safely at the Bus stop or at the Train Station before the Transport arrive. -Number of children travelling by public transport and those travelling by car or  a staffs registered Car must be known. Children travelling during rush hour must be old enough to stand. TRAVELLING BY CAR: The Car being used must be insured for business purpose. Written permission from parent must be taken. The Car must have enough sit. The Car must have enough fuel in the tank. The Car must have a First Aid Kit and necessary medicines. All the children travelling must be safe to travel with sit belt. The Care Provider must have a Breakdown Insurance Cover and Mobile Phone to use in-case of emergency. It is important to carry out a Risk Assessment when going on a trip for the first time. The Risk Assessment form contains anything that is dangerous to a child’s health, safety or in-case of any danger they may encounter on the trip. The trip can be postponed or avoided, depending on the result of this Risk Assessment.

Victor Frankenstein Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Mary Shelley

The wise Uncle Ben once told Peter Parker, â€Å"remember, with great power. Comes great responsibility.† There is no greater power than that acquired by the infamous Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein when he discovers the secret to creating life. Shelley’s Frankenstein is a tale of creation that depicts acts of human conception and discovery. The Oxford English Dictionary defines creation as â€Å"the action or process of bringing something into existence from nothing by divine or natural agency; the fact of being so created.† It defies the natural order of things and creates a world of its own. The multiple acts of creation and discovery bring upon a certain set of responsibilities and implications as depicted by David Collings who analyzes the responsibilities that come as a result of these acts in his essay â€Å"The Monster and the Maternal Thing: Mary Shelley’s Critique of Ideology†. The main act of creation is evident through Victor Frankenstein’s creation of the Being which is depicted most prominently in the novel. However, there are multiple other acts of creation and discovery that may not be apparent at first sight. One of the most important being, Victor’s discovery of the knowledge required to create life. Apart from initially creating the Being, Victor also plays a critical role in the Being’s evolution into a raging and vengeful creature. Perhaps above all other acts of creation and discovery is Victor’s personal creation of himself into a monster. As stated by Collings most of these acts of creation on Victor’s part are subconsciously brought upon because of their lack of a maternal figure but also in part because of his desire for fame and glory. However, he is blinded by his motives and forgets that with his... ...eatures. Victor Frankenstein is given this power when he discovers the secret to reanimating dead remains, by which he creates the Being we have all come to call Frankenstein. In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley depicts this amazing power and the change it causes in not only Victor’s life but in the world. Along the way the young Victor Frankenstein creates more than what he initially believed but his greed and vanity shield him from recognizing the responsibilities and implications that arise, all of which are analyzed the by David Collings in his essay â€Å"The Monster and the Maternal Thing: Mary Shelley’s Critique of Ideology.† As Uncle Ben once told Peter Parker â€Å"remember, with great power. Comes great responsibility.† Victor acquired great power but disregarded all responsibilities that resulted out of his creations, therefore creating himself as a monster.

Idle Minds and Wagging Tongues: Conversation in Anna Karenina :: Essays Papers

Idle Minds and Wagging Tongues: Conversation in Anna Karenina Perhaps one of the most striking scenes in Anna Karenina is that of Kitty and Levin’s silent declarations of love to each other, etched out cryptically in chalk on a card table, with each understanding innately the exact words the other was saying (362). With the relationship between Kitty and Levin serving as Tolstoy’s model for a strong and successful love, it appears odd that such a relationship should be founded on silence, and in such sharp contrast to the chatter of Society surrounding the couple at the party. How then are we to understand the significance of conversation in the novel, if the most sincere relationships and understandings are not founded upon dialogue, but on unspoken knowledge? Entire subplots and themes are conveyed through conversations between the characters—the peasant problem and farm management, religion, marriage and faithfulness. Everyone is trying to grasp what a good life is, but the ideas expressed in conversation, however, appe ar quite often to contradict both the inner monologue of the characters and their actions, or fall pathetically short of expressing the power of the feelings of characters. For most of the characters, neither Society banter nor intellectual discourse does justice to their real passions, and even personal exchanges are steeped in insincerity. Unless they find a means to express their passions some other way, they are doomed to a life of dissatisfaction at best, or a tragic end at worst. Within the opening conflict of the novel—Stiva’s affair with the French governess and his wife’s reaction when learning of it—Tolstoy first presents this tension between honesty and speech. Before Dolly and Oblonsky’s exchanges, Tolstoy interposes a short confrontation between Oblonsky and his son, Grisha. Oblonsky is â€Å"conscious of not caring as much for the boy as for the girl, but [does] his best to treat them both alike† (7). Although he says, â€Å"Good morning† to Grisha, Oblonsky’s words are insufficient to mask his inner feelings, and his actions betray him through a â€Å"cold smile† (7). Grisha, significantly, does not reply. To reply with some pleasantness would be to pretend that Oblonsky was sincere in his greeting, and Grisha is too naà ¯ve to use speech to do anything but to tell the truth. Short of accusing his father of not loving him, which he is already old enough to understand would be entirely i nappropriate, he can only remain silent.

Amazon analysis Essay

1. Introduction Amazon is the world’s largest e-commerce company. It was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 (Amazon, n.d.) and the website went online on July 16, 1995 (Webley, 2010). Amazon has its headquarter in Seattle, Washington and several offices on all continents. (Amazon, n.d.) At the beginning Amazon sold only books and after a period of development they expanded into a wider range of products such as multimedia products, household items, toys, clothing, jewellery, sporting goods and grocery (Amazon, n.d.). In the following the business strategy of Amazon is analysed in regard to a theoretical background. First of all, Amazon’s strategy is examined in terms of Porter’s Five Forces and Generic Strategies. Moreover, Amazon’s internationalisation strategy is examined including the obstacles they might face in their development process and how those can be overcome. Furthermore, economic theory is used to evaluate the aspects of market power and competition. 2. Analysis of Amazon 2.1. Amazon in Porter’s frameworks 2.1.1. Porter’s Five Forces It can be recommended to organisations to analyse the environment they operate in. This can be done on several levels such as the macro-environment, industry, competitors and the organisation itself. When analysing the industry the model of Porter’s Five Forces is an appropriate tool. It includes the five competitive forces threat of entry, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry. Figure 1: The five forces framework (Tanbots, n.d.) Threat of entry describes the level of barriers that need to be overcome by new entrants in an industry. The typical barriers are (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes, 2011): Scale and experience Access to supply and distribution channels Expected retaliation Legislation or government action Differentiation In the case of Amazon the barrier scale and experience is the most significant. Amazon is the largest online retailer (Netonomy.NET, 2013). As a consequence they operate on a very large scale which results in economies of scale and other cost advantages. For a new entrant it would be very difficult to achieve this from scratch as this would requires large amounts of investment. As a new competitor in this sector does not have those cost advantages it is very likely that they have to charge higher prices. Amazon is in business for almost 18 years now which is comparable long for any online company. During this time they were able to build up a lot of valuable experience which is likely to be reflected in their cost curve as well. â€Å"A substitute performs the same or a similar function as an industry’s product by a different means.† (Porter, The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, 2008) The threat of a substitute is high when it offers an attractive price-perf ormance ratio and when the buyer’s switching costs are low. (Porter, The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, 2008) Switching costs are very low because it does not make a difference to the customer where they buy their books, music downloads or kitchen appliances just to name a few. The product is either the same or very  similar. So customers have the free choice where they want to purchase their products. However, there might be high emotional switching costs as customers built up a high loyalty in the past. Amazon makes use of this with their Kindle for example. There are many e-book readers available but when a customer purchases the Kindle they are also going to purchase their e-books from Amazon because then switching costs would be high as they would need a different e-book reader. This is a mean for Amazon to counteract the threat of substitutes. Suppliers can put pressure on companies by either reducing the quality of the good or service or by raising prices. The bargaining power of suppliers is high when one or more of several key elements are given such as the industry is dominated by only a few suppliers, the product is unique or differentiated and the industry is not an important customer of the supplier. (Porter, How competitive forces shape strategy, 1979) In the case of Amazon the bargaining po wer of suppliers is limited. On the one hand the power of suppliers is high because Amazon depends from their suppliers in the sense that books for example are usually not offered by a large number of different publishing companies. The same is true for the multimedia sector. So those suppliers could increase prices. On the other hand with Amazon being the largest online retailer it is a major customer of the industry. Publishing companies for example cannot risk to lose Amazon as a customer. Customers can pressure the companies to reduce prices, increase quality of the product or service and play competitors off against each other if they have a high bargaining power. (Porter, How competitive forces shape strategy, 1979) The key issue in the case of Amazon is that most of their products are standard and undifferentiated. As a lot of competitors in the online market as well as in the high street sector offer the same or very similar products customers can easily play competitors off against each other or demand lower prices. Due to those facts customers have a fairly high bargaining power. Rivalry among existing competitors is very high as Amazon has not only to compete with other online shops but also with high street retailers. Amazon offers a wide range of products and they are faced with different competitors across their product categories. There is only one factor that differentiates Amazon from the other retailers which is that Amazon offers such an immense range of products. 2.1.2. Generic Strategies Companies can develop a competitive advantage either in having lower costs than competitors or by product differentiation so that customers are willing to pay higher prices for that unique characteristic. The strategies that are developed to achieve this can either focus on the broad or narrow scope. (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes, 2011) Figure 2: Generic Competitive Strategies (Burgeen, 2013) With Amazon being the largest online retailing company it is clear that they focus on the broad scale and try to target as many customers as possible. The two possible strategies to develop a competitive advantage are therefore cost leadership or differentiation. Most of the goods and services that are sold by Amazon are standardised and undifferentiated. As Amazon does not produce the goods they sell it is not possible to develop a competitive advantage in terms of a differentiation strategy. As Amazon operates on such a large scale which makes it possible to achieve economies of scale and with some degree of bargaining power towards their suppliers it is quite obvious that cost leadership most likely to be the strategy that Amazon pursues that the moment. However, Amazon is always seeking to develop something unique mostly in the area of customer service. At the moment, they are developing a drone that could deliver small packages to the customers in 30 minutes or less (Amazon, n.d.). This unique service is a mean of differentiation to other online stores for which customers are certainly willing to pay a higher price. This strategy of cost leadership and developing new unique features can ensure that Amazon maintains their competitive advantage. 2.2. Modes of entry The selection of transactional corporation of entry modes was impacted by a variety of integrated factors. These multinational firms have the advantages of technology, scale and fund to entry a new market and area (Chan et al., 1992), for the party to accept, these multinational companies not only promote the development of economic and technology, but also bring a lot of employment opportunities for these new market. And at the same time, for the party of multinational companies which will extend a new area, and scale for their business, fuse with the local technology habit and culture can also  make the company become more diversified, bring more benefit for the company. Like the Amazon, which include 3 subsidiary corporations respectively are Alexa Internet, A9 and Internet Movie Database, IMDB. And its development strategy is vigorously develop enterprise diversification, make it more competitive and better integrated into the international market. In the theory of entry model, there have several points which respectively are Licensing or franchising, Joint venture, and Wholly owned subsidiary. 2.2.1. Licensing or franchising For the part of licensing or franchising, which means the franchise owners in the form of the contract, franchisees are allowed to be paid for the use of its name, trademark, proprietary technology, operational and management experience to carry out commercial activities. Since Amazon as an E-commerce sale platform and already involved with a number of product areas, then which can cooperate with other product firms, especially when they entry a new country of market, collaborate with the local enterprise and brand which was known by native is the fastest way to fit in these market, and also these Products manufacturer named amazon’s name will lead to better development. But the barrier of licensing or franchising is also exists, for example, these franchise and franchisee business ideas and products form may not conform to the principle of amazon’s brand, then these differences about management idea may be will bring conflicts and contradictions to each other. Then in order to prevent problem like this happened, Amazon on the aspect of international development should make full of investigation and examination before cooperation when they prepare to into a new market of country to avoid these problems. 2.2.2. Joint venture At the part of Joint venture, when an enterprise prepare to entry a new market, shall make a research about the condition of this industry in this market, whether have the condition for the development or already over-saturated. So how to competition with local enterprise, how to be accepted by native and how to stand out are the most important problems that Amazon should be consider, and with the object of joint venture may also produce interest on the friction. But through joint venture will save lots of cost and time on the part of adjustment period, Amazon can use a certain  technology, experience and talent which come from the object of cooperation. Reduce the risk caused by the poor preparation, distribute respective benefits at the same time, and also can draw appropriate management experience and local development, lay the foundation for the next market. 2.2.3. Wholly owned subsidiary In addition to Licensing or franchising, Joint venture, there is a better way of freedom to control which is Wholly owned subsidiary. It refers to a subsidiary fully owned or controlled by only one parent company, and there are exist two ways to set up subsidiary: first is set up a new firm from the beginning and construct a new set of production equipment; second is purchase an existing firm and its equipment. So Amazon should also develop like the other transactional corporations, through after a long period of survey and investigation about the condition of development in this area, through the acquisition of local companies or set up a new subsidiary to complete the integration with the local market, for example, amazon used to announced a $75 million deal to buy â€Å"joyo.com†, will be for amazon joyo, under a wholly owned subsidiary in China(Wang, 2012), which rely on the strong platform and group advantage of Amazon, so in the management and operational funds aspects w ithout having worry. But the through this way will spent a huge of money, then Amazon should planning in this aspect prudently, comprehensive estimation its operating situation and development prospect. Establish a wholly owned subsidiary of the company also need to take a lot of resources, so the risk what faced by Amazon may be high. One of source of risk is the target market of political or social uncertain or instability, and some risks like these may cause harm on company material property and personal safety when it become more serious, as long as fully understand the targets market of customer before they entering, the parent company will decrease these risks. 3. Individualized Pricing 3.1. Analysis of individualized pricing With the advent of online retailers and comparison sites, product price becomes more transparent for consumers. In order to effectively promote products in sales, enterprises must develop effective strategies of pricing  for the market, such as individualized pricing. In the age of electronic commerce, production can be product personalized service. So the individualized pricing also appears. Individualized pricing let consumers to choose the individualized products they wanted and pay the price. Although personalized pricing can enhance profits largely, many companies still hesitate that customers will feel the individualized pricing is unfair. There is a case about ‘Amazon’, which is an online shopping company. In 2000, customers have found that Amazon charge different prices to different people. For the some one DVD, the price to new customer is lower than that to old customers by four dollars. Amazon’s explanation is that this is a random discount for differ ent customers. Based on customer’s response to discount, company re-measures the price of products for each customer. From the result, the customer feels that they buy more frequently, the price become lower. This makes regular customers satisfied. It is obvious that the company want to compete with other opponents by using the strategy of individualized pricing. Today, customers can compare the products from different stores. Then, they can buy the necessary goods online at a lower price. In recent years, the only way to ensure efficient pricing is to use a dynamic way such as the individualized pricing. This means that retailers need to understand the value of customers and how to obtain the loyalty of customers. By analysis the situation of market and customers, the companies can make the efficient price of products to absorb consumers. Due to most retailers heavily dependent on competitive prices, they try to keep the same price or slightly lower prices than that of competitors. The companies can obtain higher market share. But some companies abuse the market power, they dominate market by reducing product’s price. This behavior will be prohibited by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), which is a non-for-profit and non-ministerial government department of the United Kingdom. It enforces both consumer protection and competition law. Therefore the individualized pricing has both advantages and disadvantages. It depends on how the companies use this method. Appropriately using of individualized pricing can promote activeness of market. If individualized pricing is excessive, it will become the abuse of market power. The OFT acts as the UK’s economic regular. 3.2. Government’s role Government has played a leading role in maintaining fair competition in the internal market of retailing sector, which requires competitors competition of fair, just, open, equal and orderly with rivals, then which means to follow the principle of fair competition, and the principle of fair competition, so follow the survival of the fittest, for the country of internal aspect, the government always played the role to maintain market fair competition, the enterprise operation and so on. But also in some other special circumstances, like in order to protect domestic industries then form a monopoly to resist the invasion of foreign industry, using economic and legal means to create condition for the internal retail enterprise in market competition, at the same time, promoting its development abroad when it has sufficient capacity. Competition on the international market, when excessive foreign enterprise brand occupies a certain market share of the product, the government should implement the corresponding protection measures to cultivate the local retail brands, this can better promote the healthy development of domestic enterprises. Government can make laws or raise taxes in order to limit the foreign-owned enterprise to enter the local market, but in taking measures should be multi-faceted and carefully implemented. Excessive restrictions could cut competition consciousness between local businesses moreover can form local monopoly enterprises, but if the limit of foreign-owned enterprise is not enough, it may only effect the resource and product flow in the market environment. EU retail and wholesale industry annual output value accounted for 11% of EU GDP, providing nearly 30 million jobs, accounting for 15% of total EU employment. Enhance the competitiveness of the retail industry is essential to ensure the European Union’s economic growth and employment, so in addition to developing their own factors of each local enterprise, the government should vigorously developing its regulation function to balance the market competitiveness and create a good market environment for each of the retail enterprise’s development. 4. Conclusion Amazon as the one of most largest and popular e-commerce should select which way of entry modes cautiously when they development internalization strategy. Fully do the preparation before entry a new market, through  authorization, the establishment of joint ventures or subsidiaries gradually penetrated into new markets. The model of future business will be global. Amazon operates in a very competitive environment as there is a high level of rivalry among competitors such as other online stores and high street shops. Additionally, there is a high threat of substitutes as well as high bargaining power of buyers. However, Amazon recognized that being the cost leader does not ensure having a competitive advantage in the future. This is why they try to develop new features in the sector of online stores in order to be able to add something unique to their mainly standardized products. This is their mean to maintain their position as the world’s leading online store. Due to the price of products has a strong influence on customers, price has become the key to ensure business and customer loyalty. Individualized pricing becomes more popular. Undoubtedly, some retail providers can establish the customer loyalty and obtain more profit. But the using of individualized pricing still needs to be supervised. Otherwise, it will cause the abuse of market power. So this is the significance of OFT and government. The government should be regulated according to different market situations, creating a fair competitive environment for the retail market and avoid vicious competition which may arise. Bibliography Amazon. (n.d.). About Amazon. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http://www.amazon.com/b?node=239364011 Amazon. (n.d.). Amazon Prime Air. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http://www.amazon.com/b?node=8037720011 Amazon. (n.d.). Global Locations. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http://www.amazon.com/b?node=239366011 Burgeen. (2013, 06 29). Porter’s Generic Strategies. Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http://www.burgeen.com/main/porters-generic-strategies/ Chan, K. W., Peter, H. (1992) ‘Global Strategy and Multinationals’ Entry Mode Choice’, Journal of International Business Studies, 23(1), pp.29-53. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., & Scholes, K. (2011). Exploring Strategy. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Netonomy.NET. (2013, 01 30). TOP 5 Largest online retailers – Who are these companies and how did they make it to the top? Retrieved 03 18, 2014, from http://netonomy.net/2013/01/30/top-5-largest-online-retailers-who-companies-h

Generation me

We are the first generation surrounded by technology. We were the first to grow up with computers, smart phones and internet. Within two seconds of using our phones, we can get old of any information our little heart's desire Just by typing words into Google. We are Millennial, also known as Generation Y. Born between the early asses to asses, our generation has much more confidence than the generation before us. We are smarter, confident and always connected. In fact, our generation is filled with smart adults who are open minded, hardworking and who set high goals or themselves.Since we are technology save. â€Å"y' and opportunity driven, our chances in employment are greater. In our employer's eyes, our generation has the ability to communicate: respond quicker to messages and emails. According to William J. Schroeder, principle of the accelerating, the members of the Generation Y are â€Å"immune to most traditional marketing and sales pitches† as we grew up with it and have been around it since are early years. The question than is, is Generation Y really connected or are we an entitled generation who can only connect with ourselves?We are entitled at work, self-interested and we waste all of our money. Generation Y does not top other generations due to technology. What kind of future do we see for ourselves? We view the world differently and in our own way, we see success as something we can Just apply for. We enter a workforce expecting to be managers and Coos by the end of the day. We do not see ourselves as entitled but the truth is we are. Our work expectations are unrealistic and the idea of working short hours and getting paid well is something we think should happen automatically.According to the article, â€Å"The trophy kids go to work,† â€Å"more than 85% of hiring managers and human-resource executives said they feel that millennial have a stronger sense of entitlement than older workers†. Robert Bogs, manager and admini strator at Corinthian Colleges in Southern California worked with young adults under thirty on his staff. â€Å"They tend to be very self- absorbed; they value fun in their personal and their work life, because they've grown up multitasking on their mobile, pad and computer, I can't expect them to work on one project for any amount of time without getting bored. Aid Mr.. Bogs. We spend the most of our day posting on Faceable, blobbing about our lunches and taking selfless while we are on the clock. Yet, we carry ourselves as hardworking, dedicated and loyal to our employers. When it comes to social media, the discussion is not a surprise. We millennial are addicted to social networking. Our self-image is very important to us, and we spend hours posting pictures and blobbing Just enough to get the most â€Å"likes. † â€Å"81% of Millennial are on Faceable, where their generation's median friend count is 250, far higher than that of older age groups. â€Å"Millennial in Adu lthood†). We cannot even remember what the world was like without Faceable and Mainstream. â€Å"Millennial are also distinctive in how they place themselves at the center of self-created digital networks. Fully 55% have posted a â€Å"selfless† on a social media site; no other generation is nearly as inclined to do this. † (â€Å"Millennial in Adulthood†). In all due fairness, we millennial grew up with technology around us and to be connected with the world is great. However, we forget what it is like to have a conversation face to face and make reined without pressing the â€Å"add friend† request button. When you're face to face, you can't control what you are going to say, and you don't know how long it's going to take or where it could go (Turtle). Turtle, author of â€Å"Alone Together†, asked young adults why they enjoyed text messaging over having face-to-face conversations. Turtle says: â€Å"Face-to-face interaction teaches Ã¢â‚¬Ë œskills of negotiation', of reading each other's emotion, of having to face the complexity of confrontation, dealing with complex emotion. † We are missing out on an emotional connection when we connect o our phones and computers.Besides looking for the best places to work and hanging out with our phones, the gene Y is not the best when it comes to saving money. We simply waste it. Not thinking long term is the way of living for us millennial. We move out too early straight out of college, chasing fast money and not making the effort to save. We love spending our earnings on going out to eat instead of cooking, (l mean, who has the time to whip up three course meals every day? ), taking cabs instead of walking half a mile, unnecessary brand clothing items and of course coffee.The latest Pew Research rover found, â€Å"Fully half of Millennial (51 %) say they do not believe there will be any money for them in the Social Security system by the time they are ready to retire. â⠂¬  With all this said, we convince ourselves that all these things are necessary and as much we enjoy our Cataracts and other luxury things, we millennial don't need them to survive. We millennial are living in the â€Å"right now' and half of us are fighting the temptations of overspending. We are not thinking about our financial planning, but more of our social lives.We are the â€Å"next great generation† but what do we need o accomplish before we own this title? As a millennial myself, I believe if we stay focused on our careers, work hard towards our goals, spend less time obsessing over our Mainstream salad pictures, brunch menus and Friday night wine tasting, our generation can put ourselves into a long term fulfillment. In reality, if we want to achieve the lifestyle that we are dreaming about, we have many areas of opportunities for improvement. As Millennial we are still growing and learning, and with more hard work, we can potentially be the best generation.

Banquo and Macbeth Essay

Banquo’s Ghost appearing at the banquet is a graphic manifestation of the guilt that Macbeth feels. Since, Lady Macbeth needs to make excuses for Macbeth’s interaction with the ghost of Banquo means that the ghost is only visible in Macbeth’s eyes. During Macbeth’s coronation banquet, Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth asides and asks him the reason behind his inappropriate behavior. Macbeth becomes angry because Lady Macbeth robustly accuses him of lying. When Lady Macbeth calls Macbeth a liar he replies, â€Å"If I stand here, I was him†(3.4.89). Trying to convince Lady Macbeth of what he saw, Macbeth has to prove to himself that he witnessed Banquo interrupt the feast. Baquo’s ghost is a figment of Macbeth’s guilt. Macbeth tries to convince himself that he sees a ghost and is not going mad. After realizing he is truly the only one seeing Banquo’s ghost Macbeth comes to the conclusion that â€Å"This [seeing Banquo’s ghost] is more strange / Than such a murder is†(3.4.98-99). Fear cuts deeper than a sword. Similar to his earlier epiphany, Macbeth accepts the fact that Banquo is dead on Macbeth’s account. When Macbeth returns to the table he proposes a toast that, â€Å"I drink to th’ general joy o’ th’ whole table / And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss†(3.4.108-109). Now, in a stage of acceptance, Macbeth is able to tame the million thoughts fighting in his head. Macbeth is in a state of denial. To insure himself that he is not going insane, Macbeth tells Banquo’s Ghost that â€Å"Thy bones are marrowless; thy blood is cold / Thou hast no speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with†(3.4.114-116). Similar to when Macbeth tells his wife he saw a ghost, Macbeth tries to remain sane. We are not exposed to our real personality until something really awful happens. Once something bad happens all of the useless things fall away until we are left with who we really are. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. Folger ed. New York City: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Print.

History of Sculpture

Assyrian Black Obelisk of Salamander Ill a large and solid late one. The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrian created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendor of the art of the neighboring Egyptian empire. The Assyrian developed a style of extremely large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low relief in stone for palaces, with scenes of war or hunting; the British Museum has an outstanding collection.They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures, often the human-headed lamas, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined. The Guenons Lioness, 3rd Millennium BCC, 3. 5 inches high One of 18 Statues of Guide, a ruler around 2090 BCC The Burner Relief, Old Babylonian, around 1800 BCCAssyrian relief from Nimrod, from c 728 BCC Ancient Egypt The monumental sculpture of Ancient Egypt is world-famous, but refined and delicate small works exist in much greater numbers. The Egyptians used the distinctive technique of sunk relief, which is well suited to very bright sunlight. The main figures in relief adhere to the same figure convention as in painting, with parted legs (where not seated) and head shown from the side, but the torso from the front, and a standard set of proportions making up the figure, using 18 â€Å"fists† to go from the ground to the hair-line on the forehead.This appears as early as the Meaner Palette from Dynasty l, but there as elsewhere the convention is not used for minor figures shown engaged in some activity, such as the captives and corpses. Other conventions mak e statues of males darker than females ones. Very conventionalism portrait statues appear from as early as Dynasty II, before 2,780 BCC, and with the exception of the art of the Marin period of Keenan, and some other periods such as Dynasty XII, the idealized features of rulers, like other Egyptian artistic conventions, changed little until after the Greek conquest.Egyptian pharaohs were always regarded as gods, but other deities are much less common in large statues, except when they represent the pharaoh as another deity; however the other deities are frequently shown in paintings and relief. The famous row of four colossal statues outside the main temple at ABA Simmer each show Renames II, a typical scheme, though here exceptionally large. Small figures of deities, or their animal personifications, are very common, and found in popular materials such as pottery.Most larger sculpture survives from Egyptian temples or tombs; by Dynasty IV (2680-2565 BCC) at the latest the idea of t he Aka statue was army established. These were put in tombs as a resting place for the aka portion of the soul, and so we have a good number of less conventionalism statues of well-off administrators and their wives, many in wood as Egypt is one of the few places in the world where the climate allows wood to survive over millennia. The so-called reserve heads, plain hairless heads, are especially naturalistic.Early tombs also contained small models of the slaves, animals, buildings and objects such as boats necessary for the deceased to continue his lifestyle in the afterworld, and later Shabby figures. Facsimile of the Meaner Palette, c. 3100 BC, which already shows the canonical Egyptian profile view and proportions of the figure. Manure (Mysterious) and queen, Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, 2490 – 2472 BC. The formality of the pose is reduced by the queen's arm round her husband.Wooden tomb models, Dynasty X'; a high administrator counts his cattle. The Gold Mask of Tutankhamen, c. Leatherette dynasty, Egyptian Museum The Younger Anemone c. 1250 BC, British Museum Souris on a lapis lazuli pillar in the middle, flanked by Hours on the left, Andalusia on the right, 22nd dynasty, Louvre The aka statue provided a physical place for the aka to manifest. Egyptian Museum, Cairo Block statue of Pa-Ankh-Ra, ship master, bearing a statue of Path. Late Period, ca. 650-633 SC, cabinet des M ©dailies.Ancient Greece The first distinctive style of Ancient Greek sculpture developed in the Early Bronze Age Cycladic period (3rd millennium BCC), where marble figures, usually female and small, are represented in an elegantly simplified geometrical style. Most typical is a standing pose with arms crossed in front, but other figures are shown in different poses, including a complicated figure of a harpist seated on a chair. The subsequent Minoan and Mycenaean cultures developed sculpture further, under influence from Syria and elsewhere, but it is in the later Archaic period f rom around 650 BCC that the sours developed.These are large standing statues of naked youths, found in temples and tombs, with the Koreans the clothed female equivalent, with elaborately dressed hair; both have the â€Å"archaic smile†. They seem to have served a number of functions, perhaps sometimes representing deities and sometimes the person buried in a grave, as with the Scissors Sours. They are clearly influenced by Egyptian and Syrian styles, but the Greek artists were much more ready to experiment within the style.During the 6th century Greek sculpture developed rapidly, becoming more naturalistic, and with much more active and varied figure poses in narrative scenes, though still within idealized conventions. Sculptured pediments were added to temples, including the Parthenon in Athens, where the remains of the pediment of around 520 using figures in the round were fortunately used as infill for new buildings after the Persian sack in 480 BCC, and recovered from the sass on in fresh unwatched condition.Other significant remains of architectural sculpture come from Pesetas in Italy, Corp.,Delphi and the Temple of Papaya in Ageing (much now in Munich). Cycladic statue 2800-2300 BC. Parlay marble; 1,5 m high (largest known example of Cycladic sculpture. From Amorous Cycladic statue 2700-2300 BC. Head from the figure of a woman, H. 27 CM (10 h in. ) Cycladic Female Figurine, c. 2500-2400 BCC, 41. 5 CM (16. 3 it-I) high Mycenae, Female portrait, perhaps a sphinx or a goddess. Painted plaster, ca. 1300-1250 BC Mycenae, 1600-1500 BC.Silver rhythm with gold horns and rosette on the forehead Bull's head, Mycenaean rhythm Terra cotta, 1300-1200 BC. Found in a tomb marathons, British Museum Monsoon vase, 670 BC, Decorated photodiodes at Monsoon, Greece, depicting one of the earliest known renditions of Trojan Horse, Archaeological Museum of Monsoon Lifeless sours, c. 590-580 BCC,Metropolitan Museum of Art The â€Å"Angina Sphinx† from Delphi, 570- 560 BC, the figure 222 CM (87. 4 in) high Peoples Core, c. 530 BC, Athens, Acropolis Museum Late Archaic warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Papaya, c. 00 The Mathis sarcophagus, formulators, Cyprus, 2nd quarter of the 5th century BC Archaic period, Metropolitan Museum of Art Classical We have fewer original remains from the first phase of the Classical period, often called the Severe style; free-standing statues were now mostly made in bronze, which always had value as scrap. The Severe style lasted from around 500 in relief, and soon after 480 in statues, to about 450. The relatively rigid poses of figures relaxed, and asymmetrical turning positions and oblique views became common, and deliberately sought.This was combined with a better understanding of anatomy and the harmonious structure of sculpted figures, and the pursuit of naturalistic presentation as an aim, which had not been present before. Excavations at the Temple of Zeus, Olympia since 1829 have revealed th e largest group of remains, from about 460, of which many are in the Louvre. The â€Å"High Classical† period lasted only a few decades from about 450 to 400, but has had a momentous influence on art, and retains a special prestige, despite a very restricted number of original survivals.The best known works are the Parthenon Marbles, traditionally (since Plutarch) executed by a team led by the most famous Ancient Greek sculptor Aphid's, active from about 465-425, who was in his own day ore famous for his colossal Christianizes Statue of Zeus at Olympia (c 432), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, his Athena Parthenon (438), the cult image of the Parthenon, and Athena Approaches, a colossal bronze figure that stood next to the Parthenon; all of these are lost but are known from many representations.He is also credited as the creator of some life-size bronze statues known only from later copies whose identification is controversial, including the Lidos Hermes. The Hi gh Classical style continued to develop realism and sophistication in the unman figure, and improved the depiction of drapery (clothes), using it to add to the impact of active poses. Facial expressions were usually very restrained, even in combat scenes. The composition of groups of figures in relief and on pediments combined complexity and harmony in a way that had a permanent influence on Western art.Relief could be very high indeed, as in the Parthenon illustration below, where most of the leg of the warrior is completely detached from the background, as were the missing parts; relief this high made sculptures more subject to damage. The Late Classical style developed the free-standing female nude statue, supposedly an innovation of Parallaxes, and developed increasingly complex and subtle poses that were interesting when viewed from an number of angles, as well as more expressive faces; both trends were to be taken much further in the Hellenic period. High Classical high relief from the Elgin Marbles, which originally decorated the Parthenon, c. 447-433 BCC) Hellenic The Hellenic period is conventionally dated from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, and ending either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands y Rome in 146 BC or with the final defeat of the last remaining successor-state to Alexander empire after the Battle of Actinium in 31 BC, which also marks the end of Republican Rome. 42] It is thus much longer than the previous periods, and includes at least two major phases: a â€Å"Programmer† style of experimentation, exuberance and some sentimentality and vulgarity, and in the 2nd century BC a classifying return to a more austere simplicity and elegance; beyond such generalizations dating is typically very uncertain, especially when only later copies are known, as is usually the case.The initial Programmer style was not especially associated with Bergamot, from which it takes its name, but the very wealthy kings of that stat e were among the first to collect and also copy Classical sculpture, and also commissioned much new work, including the pomegranate Altar whose sculpture is now mostly in Berlin and which exemplifies the new style, as do the Mausoleum at Hallucinations (another of the Seven Wonders), the famous Loco ¶n and his Sons in the Vatican Museums, a late example, and the bronze original of The Dying Gaul (illustrated at top), which we know was part of a group actually commissioned or Bergamot in about 228 BC, from which the Lidos Gaul was also a copy. The group called the Fairness Bull, possibly a 2nd-century marble original, is still larger and more complex,[43] Hellenic sculpture greatly expanded the range of subjects represented, partly as a result of greater general prosperity, and the emergence of a very wealthy class who had large houses decorated with sculpture, although we know that some examples of subjects that seem best suited to the home, such as children with animals, were in fact placed in temples or other public places.For a much more popular home execration market there were Tanager figurines, and those from other centers where small pottery figures were produced on an industrial scale, some religious but others showing animals and elegantly dressed ladies. Sculptors became more technically skilled in representing facial expressions conveying a wide variety of emotions and the portraiture of individuals, as well representing different ages and races. The relief from the Mausoleum are rather atypical in that respect; most work was free- standing, and group compositions with several figures to be seen in the round, like he Lagoon and the Bergamot group celebrating victory over the Galls became popular, having been rare before.Debarring Faun, showing a satyr sprawled asleep, presumably after drink, is an example of the moral relaxation of the period, and the readiness to create large and expensive sculptures of subjects that fall short of the heroic. [44 ] After the conquests of Alexander Hellenic culture was dominant in the courts of most of the Near East, and some of Central Asia, and increasingly being adopted by European elites, especially in Italy, where Greek colonies initially controlled most of he South. Hellenic art, and artists, spread very widely, and was especially influential in the expanding Roman Republic and when it encountered Buddhism in the easternmost extensions of the Hellenic area.The massive so-called Alexander Sarcophagus found in Sided in modern Lebanon, was probably made there at the start of the period by expatriate Greek artists for a Hellenized Persian governor. [45] The wealth of the period led to a greatly increased production of luxury forms of small sculpture, including engraved gems and cameos, Jewelry, and gold and silverware. The Programmer style of the Hellenic period, from topographer Altar, early 2nd century. ) The Rice Bronzes, very rare bronze figures recovered from the sea, c. 460-430 Hermes and the Infant Dionysus, possibly an original by Parallaxes, 4th century Two elegant ladies, pottery figurines, 350-300 Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century B. C. Metropolitan Museum of Art The Winged Victory of Commemorates, c. 90 BC, Louvre Venus De Mill, c. 130 – 100 BC, Greek, the Louvre Loco ¶n and his Sons, Greek, (Literalistic), circa 160 BC and 20 BC,White marble, Vatican Museum Loaches, Apollo Belvedere, c. 30 – 140 AD. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original of 330-320 BC. Vatican Museums Europe after the Greeks Roman Sculpture Early Roman art was influenced by the art of Greece and that of the neighboring Etruscan, themselves greatly influenced by their Greek trading partners. An Etruscan specialist was near life size tomb effigies in terracotta, usually lying on top of a sarcophagus lid propped up on one elbow in the pose of a diner in that period.As the expanding Roman Republic began to conquer Greek territory, at first in Souther n Italy and then the entire Hellenic world except for the Parthian far sat, official and patrician sculpture became largely an extension of the Hellenic style, from which specifically Roman elements are hard to disentangle, especially as so much Greek sculpture survives only in copies of the Roman period. By the 2nd century BCC, â€Å"most of the sculptors working at Rome† were Greek, often enslaved in conquests such as that of Corinth (146 BCC), and sculptors continued to be mostly Greeks, often slaves, whose names are very rarely recorded. Vast numbers of Greek statues were imported to Rome, whether as booty or the result of extortion or amerce, and temples were often decorated with re-used Greek works. A native Italian style can be seen in the tomb monuments, which very often featured portrait busts, of prosperous middle-class Romans, and portraiture is arguably the main strength of Roman sculpture.There are no survivals from the tradition of masks of ancestors that were w orn in processions at the funerals of the great families and otherwise displayed in the home, but many of the busts that survive must represent ancestral figures, perhaps from the large family tombs like the Tomb of the Copies or he later mausoleum outside the city. The famous bronze head supposedly of Luscious Genius Brutes is very variously dated, but taken as a very rare survival of Italic style under the Republic, in the preferred medium of bronze. Similarly stern and forceful heads are seen on coins of the Late Republic, and in the Imperial period coins as well as busts sent around the Empire to be placed in the basilicas of provincial cities were the main visual form of imperial propaganda; even Luminous had a near-colossal statue of Nero, though far smaller than the 30 meter high Colossus of Nero in Rome, owe lost.The Romans did not generally attempt to compete with free-standing Greek works of heroic exploits from history or mythology, but from early on produced historical w orks in relief, culminating in the great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative relief winding around them, of which those commemorating Trojan (CE 113) and Marcus Aurelia's (by 193) survive in Rome, where the Era Pace's (â€Å"Altar of Peace†, 13 BCC) represents the official Greece-Roman style at its most classical and refined. Among other major examples are the earlier re-used relief on the Arch of Constantine and the base of the Column of Notations Pious (161), Company relief were cheaper pottery versions of marble relief and the taste for relief was from the imperial period expanded to the sarcophagus.All forms of luxury small sculpture continued to be patronized, and quality could be extremely high, as in the silver Warren Cup, glass Ulcerous Cup, and large cameos like the Gamma August, Kananga Cameo and the â€Å"France†. For a much wider section of the population, McCollum relief decoration of pottery vessels and small figurines were produced in great quantity and often considerable quality. Section of Tartan's Column, CE 1 13, with scenes from the Disdain Wars) (Augustan state Greece-Roman style on the Era Pace's, 13 BCC) After moving through a late 2nd-century â€Å"baroque† phase, in the 3rd century, Roman art largely abandoned, or simply became unable to produce, sculpture in the classical tradition, a change whose causes remain much discussed.Even the most important imperial monuments now showed stumpy, large-eyed figures in a harsh frontal style, in simple compositions emphasizing power at the expense of grace. The contrast is famously illustrated in the Arch of Constantine of 31 5 in Rome, which imbibes sections in the new style with roundels in the earlier full Greece-Roman style taken from elsewhere, and the Four Tetrarch (c. 305) from the new capital of Constantinople, now in Venice. Ernst Kittening found in both monuments the same â€Å"stubby proportions, angular movements, an ordering of parts through symmet ry and repetition and a rendering of features and drapery folds through incisions rather than modeling†¦The hallmark of the style wherever it appears consists of an emphatic hardness, heaviness and angularity ? in short, an almost complete rejection of the classical tradition†. This revolution in style shortly preceded the period in which Christianity was adopted by the Roman state and the great majority of the people, leading to the end of large religious sculpture, with large statues now only used for emperors. However rich Christians continued to commission relief for sarcophagi, as in the Sarcophagus of Genius Abacus, and very small sculpture, especially in ivory, was continued by Christians, building on the style of the consular diptych. Etruscan sarcophagus, 3rd century BCC The â€Å"Capitalize Brutes†, dated to the 3rd or 1st century BCC Augustus of Prima Portal, statue of the emperor Augustus, 1st century CE.Vatican Museums Tomb relief of the Deck†, 9 8-117 CE Bust of Emperor Claudia, c. 50 CE, (reworked from a bust of mineralogical), It was found in the so-called Tripoli basilica in Aluminum, Italy, Vatican Museums Commodes dressed as Hercules, c. 191 CE, in the late imperial â€Å"baroque† style The Four Tetrarch, c. 305, showing the new anti-classical style, in porphyry, owns Marco, Venice The cameo gem known as the â€Å"Great Cameo of France†, c. 23 CE, with analogy of Augustus and his family Early Medieval and Byzantine The Early Christians were opposed to monumental religious sculpture, though continuing Roman traditions in portrait busts and sarcophagus relief, as well as smaller objects such as the consular diptych.